唐满荣

摘 要：在农村改革不断深化的过程中，我国集体土地所有权制度存在主体虚位、权能残缺等弊端，不利于农民权益的保障和市场经济的发展。集体土地的不可分共同共有制，明确了集体土地所有权的主体，有利于稳定农村土地关系、保护农民利益和用物权制度规范土地权利，应当是改革的最佳选择。目前要做到：明确集体土地的权利主体，健全行使共有财产管理权的组织机构，完善集体土地所有权的权能和权利行使方式，限定集体土地的公法义务，改革土地法律管理体系。

关键词：集体土地所有权制度；不可分共同共有；所有权主体；农民利益

中图分类号：F311 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-6439(2008)02-00091-03

Ownership reconstruction of collective land is indivisible and joint possession

TANG Man-rong

(Research Center for Policy and Laws and regulations，Guangdong Zhuguang Group，Guangdong Guangzhou 510000，China)

Abstract：In the continuous deepening process of rural reform，China's collective land ownership system has a series of drawbacks，such as absent subject and incomplete empowerment，not helpful to the protection of the rights of the peasants and to market economy development. The system of collective land ownership with indivisible and joint possession characteristics，and which defines the main body of collective land ownership，which is helpful to stabilizing rural land relation and to protecting peasant rights and interests and to using property right system to standardize land rights，should be optimal choice of the reform. Currently，China should clarify the collective land ownership，perfect the organizations and agencies for running public assets management，perfect the right and its enforcement methods for collective land ownership，restrict the obligation of public laws of the collective land，and reform the land law management system.

Key words：collective land ownership system；indivisible and joint possession；main body of property right；peasant interests

一、我国现行集体土地所有权制度的弊端

农村实行土地承包经营制度以后，土地所有权与使用权逐渐分离，使用权成为相对独立的财产权转到了农民个人手中，集体统一经营变成农户分散经营，但土地所有权仍然保持着土地改革所形成的格局，即仍归集体所有。[1]尽管集体土地所有权的主体是农民集体，但农民集体没有一个人格化的组织彰显其主体地位，并且国家对集体土地所有权的限制过严，从而导致现行集体土地所有权制度出现了主体虚位、权能残缺及效力不强等一系列弊端。

集体土地所有权主体虚位是指农村集体土地所有权的主体在法律上徒有虚名的状况。根据《土地管理法》的规定，集体土地所有权的主体是乡(镇)农民集体、村农民集体或村民小组农民集体。……