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精研高考真题,备考语法填空

2023-05-30林晓研

广东教育·高中 2023年1期
关键词:长句真题主句

林晓研

一、引言

词典对语法的定义是:“Rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences, or the study or use of these rules.”正如语言学家乔姆斯基曾经说过的:“语言不仅是一套习惯的体系,更是受规则支配的体系。”

《课程标准》指出,学生应“在语境中学习和运用语法知识”,“运用所学的语法知识,理解所学语篇的基本意义和深层意义”,并且能“有效地表达观点、意图和情感态度”。高考语法填空题旨在考查学生的语法知识、句子结构、词汇拼写等语言能力和语篇分析能力。《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明》指出:“该部分共10小题,每小题15分。在每一篇200词左右的短文中留出10个空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文在空白处填写1个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。”本文试分析2022年新高考I英语试卷的语法填空题与往年比较的相同点和不同点,总结该题型对考生的语法能力的具体要求,并通过选取教材语篇中相应的长难句,整合设计出与高考考点一致的练习,以期对教学和备考有参考意义。

二、语法填空题考点层次

2022新高考Ⅰ卷英语语法填空题目如下:

The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP). ① 56  (cover) an area about three times 57  size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. ②The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that  58  (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority  59  (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.

After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. ③The GPNP  60 (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones,   61  leaving behind precious natural assets (資产) for future generations”. ④ The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 62 (population)and homes of giant pandas, and  63  (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.

⑤Giant pandas also serve  64  an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. ⑥The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species  65   live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.

[分析] 根据学者李筱菊对语言测试考点的分类,语法填空部分可以按照“单词层次、词组层次、句子层次和篇章层次” 错误!未找到引用源。 来展开讨论。其中,单词层次是最低层次,不需要语境就可做题,不会在高考试卷中出现,故不列出。

(一)词组层次指所填的词和前后词汇有一定的搭配关系:4道题。

57. three times the size of sth. ;64. serve as;62. populations and homes ;63. eventually achieve

(二)句子层次指所填的词需要依据句内关系判断,不用分析其它句子:5道题。

56. covering…the GPNP;58. a number of…were previously;59. to increase;61. preserving, protecting and leaving;65. all the species that live…

(三)篇章层次指所填词汇要通过上下文决定,通常是系动词或谓语动词:1道题。

60. GPNP is designed…The GPNP's main goal is to improve…

三、相同点和不同点

(一)相同点

1. 从2019年起,该题的体裁一直是说明文。

2. 语篇主题属于人与自然的语境,选材依然来自外语刊物。此篇选自Global Ecology and Conservation。

3. 该题型仍然是要求根据句子结构和设空处所作成分确定所填的词。考查的词有:谓语动词的时态、语态、主谓一致;非谓语动词做定语、状语等;名词的单复数、形容词的词形转换和级别、副词的修饰作用;代词、冠词、介词和连词(并列连词和复合句引导词)。

(二)不同点

1. 有提示词与无提示词的比例有变化

2019-2021年是7:3,今年是6:4。其中,每年考查的无提示内容如下:

(1)2019年无提示词:冠词(the)、介词(of/for)、连词(that)

(2)2020年无提示词:介词(then, its)、连词(where)、代词结构(how much)

(3)2021年无提示词:冠词(a)、两个连词(what, and )

(4)2022年无提示词:冠词(the)、介词(as)、两个连词( and, that )

2. 篇幅与句子长度有变化

文章总字数223个,是近四年之最。全文共8个句子,考点集中出现在6个长句中。除了句子⑤⑥外,其它长句均分布两个考点。经分析,6個长句中,①③④⑥是“主+系+表”结构,②⑤是“主+谓+宾”结构。其中,有同一语法知识多次出现的现象,如:

(1) ②⑥句都包含定语从句。其中②是非考点,⑥要求能准确判断该从句的关系代词;

(2)①②③⑤句都包含“现在分词作状语”,其中①③是考点;

(3)③④⑥句都包含and作并列连词,其中③是考点。

四、考点解题思路与习题

以下从句子语法结构、所含语法知识以及句子意思这三个方面,分析6个长句的解题思路。再列举往年同一考点的真题进行类比,搭配教材长难句改编后的练习题进行巩固。练习题的句子均选自新外研版教材必修1-3的课文,设置的考点与高考试卷保持一致。

(一)【试题长句①】

Covering (cover) an area about three times  the  size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.

[析] 句子语法结构为:现在分词作伴随状语+主句(主系表)。本句设两空,第一空考非谓语的现在分词形式,逻辑主语为主句的“the GPNP”。第二空考冠词,倍数的名词表达:“倍数+the+名词+of”,如“twice the length of…”。

[译] 大熊猫国家公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍,将是中国首批国家公园之一。

[2019真题] Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.

[析] 设空处虽考查的是非谓语的doing形式,但本空属于词组层次,只需要掌握“by doing(通过做某事)”,即可解题。而逗号后的单词“leading”虽然不是考点,但也是现在分词作结果状语。

[2021真题] While youre in China, Mount Huangshan is  a  must to visit!

[析] 本空属于词组层次,考查“must”做名词的意思。“a must”表必须做的事,不可缺少的东西。

[练] ______(live) in open air, we became breakfast, lunch and dinner for mosquitoes. (B3U6)

Keys:Living (主句谓语为“became”, 可知“live”是非谓语;逻辑主语“we”与“live”是主动关系。)

[练]_______(turn) around, I saw a white-haired man. (B1U1)

Keys:Turning (主句谓语为“saw”, 可知“turn”是非谓语;逻辑主语“I”与“turn”是主动关系。)

[练] Over time, this could make her_______danger to people __________(live) in the area.

Keys:a, living(“danger”抽象名词具体化“一个危险的人”;“live”的逻辑主语是“people”,是主动关系,因此现在分词作后置定语,表“住在这个地区的人”。)

(二)【试题长句②】

The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.

[析] 句子语法结构为:主句(主谓宾+that引导定语从句)+现在分词作结果状语。

本句设两个空。第一空考谓语be动词的时态和单复数。虽然没有时间状语,且主句用了一般将来时“will extend”,但本空提示词后有一个副词“previously(之前地)”,可以判断语境意思为“以前没有被保护的地区”,因此为一般过去时;再根据主谓一致原则,“that”在从句当主语,指代先行词“a number of areas(许多地区)”,可判断为复数,因此得第一个答案were。第二空根据“bring…under one authority(纳入统一管理系统)”,可知这么做的“目的”是…,因此填“to do ”非谓语表目的。

[译] 该计划将保护范围扩大到许多以前未受保护的地区,把许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构,以此来提高效率,减少管理上的不一致。

[2019真题] Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.

[析] 此句中,出现“A, B, C and D”的并列结构,因此和并列句子的时态保持一致即可。

[2021真题] What comes next is the endless series of steps. You cant help wondering how hard it was (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.

[析] 此句的出题方式,和2022年的一致。句内有指向过去时间的词 “then”。因此be动词应该是一般过去时,主语it是单数,因此为was。

[练] The history of the game goes back over two thousand years to Ancient China. It __________ (be) then known as cuju (kick ball), a game using a ball of animal skins with hair inside.(B2U3)

Keys: was(主语“it”,故为单数;“then”那时,因此用一般过去时。)

[练] There __________(be) water everywhere, but we couldnt drink any of it otherwise wed get sick.(B3U6)

Keys: was(water是不可数名词,故为单数;but并列句中用了couldnt, would,因此要保持一致时态。)

[练] This is a programme run by The Gorilla Organization_______  (raise) money to save the worlds last remaining gorillas from dying out.(B2U3)

Keys: to raise(“run by The Gorilla Organization”是过去分词作后置定语。主句“This is a programme to raise money … ”用不定式作定语,解释项目的内容。)

(三)【试题长句③】

The GPNP is designed (design) to reflect the guiding principle of "protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations". The GPNP's main goal is to improve … .

[析] 句子语法结构为:主句(主谓+目的状语)。“principle(原则)”的内容是A,B,C and D的并列结构 “protecting … , preserving … ,protecting …   and leaving … ”。句子虽长,但结构简单。再观察句子,可以判断“design”为谓语,与主语GPNP是被动关系:“被设计来……”。然而,此句内无法判断出时态,需要从上下文去寻找线索。下一句: “The GPNP's main goal is to improve … ”是一般現在时,为保持同语境上下文时态一致,故答案为一般现在时的被动态。

[译] GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态的真实性和完整性,保护生物多样性,保护生态缓冲区,为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。

[2020真题]Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed (construct).”

[析] 从人物说话的内容开始,“we have the chance to…”是宾语从句(主谓宾)。“how”引导的特殊疑问句作为成分要用陈述语序:“我们有机会获取关于月球的结构的信息。“construct”和“moon”是被动关系。再看主句谓语“means”和宾语从句谓语“have”,因此用一般现在时的被动态。

[练] Every Christmas, an envelope with a North Pole stamp arrived. It __________  (address) to Tolkiens children.(B2U2)

Keys: was addressed(“it”指代“envelope”;“address” 作动词,表“写姓名地址”。这封信是写给Tolkien的孩子们的。)

[练] An eagle flew over the snow-capped mountains, which    (reflect) in the still lake below. (B1U5)

Keys: were reflected (“which”引导非限制性定语从句,充当主语,先行词是复数名词“mountains”,“reflect”指反射,倒映,与主语是被动关系;再根据主句的谓语“flew”,可以判断要用一般过去时。)

[练] Although the region has plenty of rain, the mountains are steep    the soil is shallow.

Keys: and(although引导让步状语从句,主句在后。横空前后都是主系表的完整句子,意思上并列,因此需要并列连词“and”。)

(四)【試题长句④】

The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate  populations (population) and homes of giant pandas, and  eventually (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.

[析] 句子语法结构为:主句(主系表)。从第二个“and”可以看出,“to improve” 和 “(to)achieve”是并列表语。因此,achieve需要副词来修饰,得eventually; 而根据第一个“and”, 可知划线词要和“homes”保持一致形态,因此得populations.

[译] GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园的关联,并最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。

[2021真题] It will undoubtedly (undoubted) help you get refreshed!

[析] 此句同样考察“副词修饰动词(help)”。

[2021真题] The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are.

[析] 在本句中,“you see once you are at the top”是定语从句省略关系代词“that/which”, “once”引导条件状语从句。“how tiny we humans are”是主句的宾补成分。其中,“humans”是“we”的同位语,同时“are”也在提示,应该用复数。

[练] New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement_______ (heart) and bone parts.(B3U3)

Keys: hearts(A and B结构,因此要和“parts”保持一致。)

[练] We got lost a few times even with the help of GPS, but ______(eventual) we managed to cross the Rocky Mountains. (B2U5)

Keys: eventually(副词修饰动词“manage”)

[练] It reminded me of blue cheese, a __________(similar) strong smelling type of food you either love or hate.(B2U1)

Keys: similarly(副词修饰形容词“strong”)

(五)【试题长句⑤】

Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.

[析] 句子语法结构为:主句(主谓)+现在分词做伴随状语。此句只设一空,考查介词“as(作为)”,“serve as”表充当(担任,起…作用)。此外,as作介词的意思有:“作为、如同”,作连词意思有:“因为,随着,虽然,当…时”。

[譯] 大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色,为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。

[2019真题] Modern methods  of/for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.

[析] 此题属于词组层次。“……的方法”:the method of/for…。

[练] Benchley saw sharks being killed and this caused a deep change in him. He came to see people __________ a danger to sharks, rather than the other way round.(B2U6)

Keys : as(介词:see…as 把…当作)

[练] That is why Letter from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas __________ a special time of year.(B2U2)

Keys : as(介词:regard…as 把…当作)

[练] A shocked Winton watched __________ the majority of people rose to their feet.(B3U2)

Keys:as(连词:当…时)

(六)【试题长句⑥】

The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.

[析] 句子语法结构为:主句(主系表+目的状语1)+定语从句(that引导)+主句(目的状语2)。其中,从“and”可以判断,“to provide” 和“(to) improve”是并列目的状语。

此句只设一空。在定语从句中,live是谓语,设空处应是从句的主语。先行词是指物的species, 且被all修饰,因此答案为关系代词that。

[译] GPNP 旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护,并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。

[2020真题] Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where  it could send signals to the spacecraft.

[析] 此题同样考查定语从句。“spot”做名词表“地点,场所”;横空后的句子是主谓宾的完整结构,因此可以判断缺少的是表地点的关系副词where。即,“中国首先必须将一颗卫星送入月球上方的轨道,在那里它可以向航天器发送信号。”

[2019真题] While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

[析] 此题考查的是同位语从句。“evidence”做名词表“证据”,之后的句子解释了证据的内容,因此用that引导同位语从句。

[练] This insight grew from the determined attitude of a six-year-old boy _____ had the courage and perseverance to make his dream a reality.(B3U2)

Keys: who(boy是名词指人,定语从句缺少主语,因此需要关系代词who。)

[练] We were walking on fine, even sand, not wrinkled, as on a flat shore, __________ keeps the impression of the waves.(B3U5)

Keys:which(先行词“shore海岸”是物;横空缺少关系代词作主语,因此需要which引导非限制性定语从句,解释平坦的沙滩通常“会留下海浪的痕迹”。)

[练] Eventually, it manages to reach the places __________ it will spend the winter. (B1U5)

Keys: where(先行词“place地方”,横空后句子是主谓宾的完整结构,因此缺指代地点的关系副词。)

(七)仿真练习

【1】More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth. Franklin, along with many other scientists,  1 (inspire) us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific 2 (discovery) and inventions.(B3U3)

Keys:1. has inspired 2. discoveries

【2】Some have even questioned the story about the apple that fell on Newtons head and 3  (lead) him to come up with his theory of gravity. In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was 4 (certain) inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof 5 it hit him on 6  head.(B3U3)

Keys: 3. led 4. certainly 5.that  6.the

五、結语

(一)立足课标教材。课标是教学行为指南,而教材是英语课程资源的核心。要深入地研读和挖掘教材,合理有效地利用教材。比如,语法备考阶段,可以选取体裁合适的课文文段,设计改编成比例、长度、考点都与高考一致的高质量的习题。在温习单元词汇语块的同时,又在语境中渗透语法知识。

(二)筑牢语法基础。万丈高楼平地起。要夯实语言基础知识的积累和落实语法基本功的训练,如词的用法、固定搭配、长句分析。如果无法识别词汇或没有完全掌握提示词的用法,就无法产出语言,拿到词组层次的分数。此外,还要特别注重错题的积累和正强化。不可盲目刷题、不求甚解。

(三)培养语篇意识。语法知识是“形式—意义—使用”的统一体,与语音、词汇、语篇和语用知识紧密相连。因此,复习语法要依托语篇,在语境中去体会、学习和运用,培养联系上下文,瞻前顾后的语篇意识。

(四)归纳做题技巧。要对语言现象保持敏感,并善于积累和归档同类型题目。对于句子层次和语篇层次的语法考点而言,要在积累够多的感性训练后,适当点拨做题技巧和解题步骤,从感性认知提升到理性判断。

责任编辑 吴昊雷

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