吴水粼

高考英语阅读理解题在高考试卷中所占分值最高，是最重要的题型，但也是学生最头痛的题型。笔者在多年的高中英语教学中发现考生在阅读中暴露不少问题，极大地阻碍了他们阅读水平的提高。

那么，高考英语阅读究竟考查什么？

阅读理解的考核目标与要求：

1.理解主旨要义，2.理解文中具体信息，3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义，4.根据所读内容做出判断和推理，5.理解文章的基本结构，6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

一、高中生阅读理解答题过程中出现的问题

1.词汇量和句法知识

词汇是阅读理解的基础，和阅读水平的高低有密切联系。高考阅读理解总词汇量不断增加，一般选取5篇文章，词量在2200～2500之间，而且大约有3%超纲词，词汇量不充足是考生阅读中最大的“拦路虎”。

学生句法知识缺乏，很难读懂阅读文章中的长难句 。尤其在C、D两篇阅读理解中出现不少长句，这就使学生在理解文章方面存在不小的难度。

2.阅读习惯

学生不良阅读习惯体现如下：

（1）逐词阅读。逐词阅读习惯，一词一句地抠，不仅忽略了对文章整体的把握，而且容易读了后面内容忘记前面内容。

（2）心译。每读一句心里翻译一句，每句必定借助中文译文去理解，费时费力。

（3）回读。怕自己看不懂，不断地重复阅读。

（4）指读。用指头或笔尖等指着文章中的句子，边移边读。

3.脱离原文答题

有的考生阅读完一篇文章后，怕麻烦或没有耐心，做题时不想回到原文，凭主观想象选择答案，胡乱勾几个选项。

4.阅读理解时间分配

根据高考英语考试大纲的要求，阅读理解做题的参考时间约为35分钟。有的学生阅读时间和答题时间分配不科学，前松后紧，试图理解文章中每一句话的意思，结果发现时间不够用，题目做不完，影响其他题目的解答。

5.看“懂”文章，选错答案

做阅读理解题面临的最大难处是：看懂了阅读理解的文章，阅读中也没有遇到较大的困难，但做题错误率比较高。

6.做了大量的阅读理解题，水平提高有限

考生在备考过程中，做了大量的阅读理解题。但是做完之后只是简单地核对答案，没有进行错误分析。

二、阅读理解问题应对的策略

1.词汇量与句法知识

首先，熟悉高考考试大纲中3500词（不包括词组）每个单词的基本词义，一词多义，近义词，同义词，反义词，熟词僻义。应用词根词缀、谐音、联想、分类等记忆词汇方法。其次，平时培养猜词能力。尤其通过上下文猜测词义，这正是考纲的第3条要求。单词每天按计划去记，反复去记，最后都能记住。记到最后看到单词就立刻想起意思。

笔者曾经归纳过《高考英语真题长难句一百句》，要求学生熟悉高考阅读真题中的长难句，巩固相关句法知识。首先，掌握英语简单句的五种基本句型。其次，熟悉英语3大从句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）。长难句不仅在阅读文章中频繁出现，而且还是常考点。因此攻破长难句非常关键。然后，注意倒装句，插入语等。具体方法：先找出长句的主干成分（主语、谓语及宾语），再找出附加成分（定语、状语、宾补），再找出修饰它的短语或从句。

The memories the brain decides to lose are exactly those details from your life that dont actually matter and that may be keeping you from making good decisions.

先找出句子的主、系、表为：The memories are those details 。

主语的定语从句the brain decides to lose ，表语的定语为from your life 以及两个并列的定语从句that dont actually matter and that may be keeping you from making good decisions.经过分析拆解，就不难理解了。

2.养成正确的阅读方式

注意力高度集中，分清意群，停顿熟练，按意群为单位进行阅读。这是阅读最基本的方法。用眼睛扫视成组视读，不是逐词去默读，就像用探照灯依据意群，一组组进行扫读，这样大脑接收的是完整的信息，而不是孤立的词汇。

3.紧扣原文答题

一定依据原文。解题时一定回到原文中定位，在包含有关信息的句子下划线，把原文与四个选项逐一对比，与原文意思最为接近的选项为正确答案。

4.合理安排答题时间和答题顺序

首先，掌握必要的阅读技巧和方法，提高阅读速度（高考的阅读速度要求每分钟60～70词），为答题腾出更多的时间。其次，考试时忌讳在难题上耗费时间，可跳过去先做别的题目。在解答其他几个简单题目的过程中，可以对文章做进一步理解，有助于难题的解答。考生也可以先做后面的题型，这样就不必担心后面题目做不完，再集中精力做阅读理解。最后，掌握快速解题技巧以应对时间不够用的情况。比如，利用读首尾段的方法快速解答文章主旨题。

5.提高答题准确率

要解决做阅读理解题准确率低的问题，首先考生要弄清楚是否真正读懂，懂的是全文的中心思想还是细节，是字面意思还是其蕴含的意义。作者写文章目的性很强，要么传递信息，要么说明某个道理，但是往往不是明显表达出来，而是隐含在字里行间。考生需要领悟作者的言外之意，弦外之音。这是考纲中理解作者的意图，观点和态度的要求。

阅读理解题的文章可能容易理解，然而题目并不容易，选项干扰性比较大，解题时出错就是因为只依据字面意义解题，没有真正领悟其蕴涵的意义，容易落入命题者在选项设置上的陷阱中。所以考生要準确理解文章，认真思考使自己的理解思路与命题者的思路接近。

考生还需要具备语篇知识。为了准确、深刻地理解文章，必须把握阅读文章的逻辑，如上下文的衔接手段（句子与句子、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系）。故考生要抓住文章的主题思想、文章结构的主线和关键句子的主干；细致审题，这样考生就能提高解题的准确率。

...At our first encounter， he looked like a typical Dayaknese man with dark skin. As he mentioned that， he used to be an English teacher. We discovered we were a match！ I am an English teacher myself. More importantly， he is a language enthusiast and a hyperpolyglot（超级多语者）.During the talk， we often switched from one language to the other such as Indonesian， English Javanese to Ahe. He is now fluent in at least 15 languages and most of them are local languages.When he was assigned to be a teacher and education supervisor， he had to go all the way from Serawai subdistrict to Sintang Regency by motorcycle， riding approximately 170 km by motorcycle. This trip could take six hours if the day was bright and sunny. However， it was not uncommon for him to spend three to seven days for the journey if the raining season came. Therefore， he had to stop at some villages if he couldnt continue the trip and met up with people with so many different languages along the way. So， whenever he stopped in a particular village， he learned a different language. For him， learning languages helped him to connect with people.

In our last talk， he highlighted the importance of learning languages. He hopes that the younger generation in Indonesia start realizing that language is the gate to open up so many opportunities. Local languages are on the brink of disappearance because more people are leaving it behind. When people stop speaking the languages， the knowledge and culture from that language will also disappear.

1. In what does the author have something in common with Ngawan？

A.Being typical Dayaknese people.

B. Being a hyperpolyglot.

C. Being English teachers.

D.Mastering several skills.

2. How was Ngawans motorcycle trip？

A. Difficult. B Instructive.

C Exciting. D. Interesting.

解析：文字雖然很浅显，但是在做题时不少考生出错。

第1题很多考生选B，题干中...have something in common 定位原文第三段 we were a match 即两人都当过英语教师。因此正确答案D。

第2题很多考生选B，题干问How was Ngawans...trip ？定位原文第四段riding approximately 170 km by motorcycle. This trip could take six hours if the day was bright and sunny. However， it was not uncommon for him to spend three to seven days for the journey if the raining season came.骑摩托之行在天气晴朗时可能要花6小时，如果是雨季常常要花3到7天时间。这说明骑行的艰难，故正确答案选A。考生选错主要没有领会蕴涵的意义。

6.有效提高自己的阅读解题水平

不断总结做题经验或者增加自己的应试技巧。精做一套题胜过随意做十套题。

做完阅读理解之后，要及时纠错，找出错误的原因：是审题不到位，还是对文章不理解，或是无法辨别四个选项，要认真分析其他三个干扰选项为什么不能选。

可以参照剑桥大学设计的雅思考试经典题型——True/False/Not Given进行判断，该题型告诉我们：原文和选项的对比，通常只有三个逻辑结果。

理解3个干扰选项设计的“两种逻辑错误”，划出选项中的反义词或无中生有的单词表达，考生就清楚，它们为什么不能选了。

此外，关于“infer”的推断类题目，务必注意：文章中直接提到的具体细节选项不能选，依据原文中细节推断出来的选项才可能是正确的，而且不能推理过度。

How do you respond when you realize someone stole something that you value deeply.

After all， having your space invaded and your possession stolen can be overwhelming， and if you want it back， sometimes you must dig deep to find the strength to get it.

The thing that was taken was not a physical item. If my wallet were stolen， I could cancel my credit cards. If my car were stolen， I could find a way to get another.

But what was stolen was bigger， a word in fact.

The crime was discovered one morning in the kitchen. I was boiling coffee when my 21-year-old daughter walked in wearing her white bathrobe（睡袍）， beautiful and lovely. I smiled as I looked at her， and， with the love that only a dad whos been tied around his little girls finger since the day she was born would understand. said.“Youre a snowflake. ”Her reaction was a combination of sadness and anger，“Dad， I cant believe you called me that. Don t you know what a snowflake is？”

Yes， I did， and thats why I called her one .But someone had stolen my word and given it a new definition（定義）. On social media， people were using the word in another way. The Oxford Dictionaries added that meaning early this year saying it was a derogatory（贬义的） label for an overly sensitive or easily offended person， or one who expects special treatment because of supposedly unique characteristics.

My precious word was used in such an ugly way！ The anger that listeners felt with those who called them snowflakes was intense. But the anger I felt when I realized that my word was stolen was strong， too.

I could have been disappointed by her reaction， apologized and removed snowflake from my collection of complimentary vocabulary. If I did， however， the thieves would have won. So I took my word back. Snowflake is mine and I will use it with its original definition. My word is safe at home and I can confidently say that my daughter is a snowflake.

（1） What did the author use the word“crime”in the 4th paragraph to show？

A. The behavior of stealing something was a serious crime.

B. Like a serious crime， the whole thing resulted in a bad result.

C. He conducted a crime as he described his daughter as a snowflake.

D. Adding an improper meaning to this word was bad and serious.

（2）What can we infer from the story？

A.The author calls for more attention to old people in society.

B. The authors daughter knew the words new meaning very well.

C. There was a great generation gap between the father and daughter.

D. Dictionaries should take care when creating new meanings for words.

（1） D。推理判斷题。作者在第一、二段举偷盗的例子，意图说明受害者的感受，第三段点明自己被盗走的东西比实际的东西更重要，是一个词，再根据第五段内容可知，这个词被赋予了他认为不恰当的意义，这种行为在他看来很严重，甚至是一种盗窃行为，是一种犯罪。所以作者用“罪行”一词来表达自己的感受，不少学生选了C ， 认为作者描述女儿为“雪花”是在犯罪，明显没有根据上下文进行推断，或脱离原文主观臆断。

（2） B。推理判断题。很多学生选了C，（父亲与女儿之间有巨大的代沟）属于推理过度。

根据本文内容可知，作者对女儿的一句称赞，引发了女儿强烈的不满（a combination of sadness and anger），原因是作者所用的词在社会上被赋予了新义，而且是一个贬义词，而作者认为这个词的本义就这样被篡改了，他心中美好的词被偷走了。作者话一出口就引发了女儿的不满情绪，由此可推知，女儿对这个词的新义很了解，所以当作者用这个词来形容她，她很不高兴。所以正确答案为B。

细致分析近5年高考英语真题，掌握各种题型的命题规律，采用不同的答题技巧和方法。弄清楚文章到底讲什么，是什么事，什么问题，也就是文章的主题。其次要明白作者的态度是什么，赞成、反对还是中立，正确答案一定与文章主题有关，一定反映文章的主题。

广泛阅读。平时训练应广泛涉猎英美人自己写的文章，不局限于自身兴趣爱好，才能不被基本的人文知识和科普常识所困。同时，高考真题时新性的特点也要求考生多关注各知识领域热议的新现象、新发现、新理论。

总之，考生需要克服不良的阅读习惯，在准确理解文章的基础上通过大量的有针对性的练习来提高自己能力。另外，注意应试心理调适，树立必胜的应试信心。面对容易的文章不麻痹，面对难以理解的文章不紧张，放松心情，人难我难，我不畏难。良好的心态使考生的英语考试成绩和水平发挥到最理想的状态。