山东 李卫东

阅读理解专项训练

山东 李卫东

Passage 1

Find yourself in need of some healthy habits? It’s a lot easier to train your brain than you might think!

Humans are creatures of habit and what we eat each day is no different than any other habit that overcomes our brains. The reality is that most of us consume the same foods on a regular basis not only out of convenience，but also because humans are suckers for routine.

Scientists have proved that we tend to form habits without deliberate thought that we are doing so. Researchers have even located an area of the brain responsible for habit formation. Our tendencies to eat the same foods all the time occurs when a region of our brains called the basal ganglia lights up and says，“Hey，I see that you are eating this food all the time. I’m going to make this behavior automatic so that the decisionmaking part of your brain can go to sleep.”Our basal ganglias want to make our lives more convenient.

Well，this can work against us if we get addicted to some food but it can also work in our favor and get us to make healthier eating choices. Living a healthy lifestyle and eating more fruits，vegetables，beans，nuts，and seeds becomes that much easier when we give ourselves a chance to make eating them a habit. I recently had a discussion with a friend of mine，who like eating green vegetables as much as I do，that we automatically eat the green vegetables off our plates first without thinking about it. We prefer greens and a meal without vegetables just doesn’t sit well with us. We have successfully programmed our brains to desire healthy foods，and we choose these foods almost effortlessly when we eat at restaurants or prepare meals in our homes.

Healthy lifestyle choices really do become easier once we make them a part of our daily routine. When we educate ourselves about the importance of putting plant foods into our lives for disease-prevention and health，then making a perma-

nent change towards a more plant-based diet doesn’ t seem so difficult.

（文章来源：http：//vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId= 5783&catId=2）

1. What plays an important part in our habit formation?

A. Our brains. B. Our thoughts.

C. Foods. D. Convenience.

2. What does the underlined word“I” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. The writer. B. The researcher.

C. The basal ganglia. D. The decision-making part.

3. When we form the habit of eating green vegetables，we wil__l___.

A. no longer eat beans，nuts and seeds

B. get addicted to some meat food

C. prefer meals with vegetables

D. be good at preparing meals

4. Where does this text probably come from?

A. An art textbook.

B. A science fiction.

C. A food guide.

D. A research report.

Passage 2

Experts say that sleep plays an important role in brain development，and it is therefore important for children to get enough sleep as their bodies are growing. As well as the role it plays in brain development，sleep also plays an important role in their brain’s day-to-day ability to function. Lack of sleep makes it much harder for them to concentrate，and they become forgetful and easy to get angry or make mistakes.

In addition，scientific evidence shows that the right amount of night-time sleep is just as important for children’s development as healthy eating and regular exercise.

Sleep requirements differ from person to person，but in general a younger child needs more sleep than an older one.Between the ages of 5 and 11，your child will need 10～12 hours of sleep a night. A bedtime routine is the best way to make sure that your child gets enough sleep. Plan a routine that lasts 30～40 minutes，and includes a bath and the chance to read a story together. Try not to change your routine，and if you want your child to have a slightly later bedtime at the weekend，then only change it by maybe an hour. Bedtime is a chance to spend some quality time together，and if it’s a time both you and your child enjoy，your son or daughter will settle down in bed and drop off to sleep more easily.

Towards the end of primary school，your son or daughter may start to stay up later in the evening，maybe chatting to friends online，playing games or watching TV. They will find it difficult to get up in the morning and will be tired during the day if they don’t get enough sleep. So limit your child’s use of the Internet，games and TV before they go to bed and ideally don’t allow your son or daughter to have a computer or a TV set in their bedroom.

（文章来源：http：//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/parents/ sleep_matters/）

1. The first paragraph is mainly about_____.

A. the reason why sleep matters for children

B. the role that sleep plays in brain development

C. the way of children getting enough sleep

D. the effect of children’s lack of sleep

2. Children’s development needs to_____.

A. make mistakes from time to time

B. have the right amount of sleep

C. try to eat a lot of vegetables every day

D. stay up chatting to parents

3. To make children have enough sleep parents should ______.

A. have 10～12 hours of sleep a night

B. make a plan for a bedtime routine

C. read a story together with them

D. change the routine slightly at weekends

4. Which of the following is the writer’s opinion according to paragraph 4?

A. Children may stay up later in the evening.

B. Playing games is harmful to children’s eyes.

C. Never allow children to play games on the Internet.

D. It’s better not to allow children to have a computer.

Passage 3

We know first-hand smoke is bad，and we know secondhand smoke is also bad. But now，researchers have found that third-hand smoke—the surface-clinging residue（残渣）left over from second-hand smoke—can also cause damage to our DNA.

“This is the very first study to find that third-hand smoke causes DNA damage，”study researcher Lara Gundel said in a statement，“Some of the chemicals in third-hand smoke stay on surfaces，and when those surfaces are clothing or carpets，the danger to children is especially serious.” The study doesn’t just show that third-hand smoke can harm cells，and it also shows that the harm it can cause could become worse with time.

Researchers put paper strips in rooms with smoke；one room exposed the paper strips to the same amount of smoke and chemicals that comes from smoking five cigarettes in 20 minutes. The other room exposed the paper strips to cigarette smoke for a total of 258 hours.

The researchers found higher concentrations of the poisonous chemicals in cigarette smoke on the strips of paper that were “chronically（长期）” exposed to smoke，compared with the strips of paper “acutely”exposed to smoke. Then，researchers took the chemicals from the paper and exposed them to human cells for a full 24 hours. They found that the third-hand smoke led to DNA damage，as well as DNA strand breaks.

“The findings of this study show for the first time that exposure to third-hand smoke damages human cell lines，”the researchers wrote in the study. They explained that thirdhand smoke is a known player in the development of cancer and other diseases.

HuffPost Green reported in 2012 about Indiana University’s decision to change its policy on employee smoking during the workday because of third-hand smoke： instead of smoking off-campus during the workday，they are not allowed to smoke at all because the chemicals from the cigarette smoke still stay on their clothing and bodies.

（文章来源：http：//www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/ 24/thirdhand-smoke-dna-damage-cells_n_3474797.html?utm_ hp_ref=@healthnews123）

1. In the recent study，researchers find______.

A. first-hand smoke is bad

B. second-hand smoke is also bad

C. some chemicals stay on surfaces

D. third-hand smoke damages our DNA

2. The underlined word “acutely” in Paragraph 4 probably means_____.

A. slowly B. exactly

C. briefly D. seriously

3. What is Indiana University’s new decision according to the last paragraph?

A. Employees are not allowed to smoke at home.

B. Employees can smoke off-campus during the workday.

C. No employees can smoke during the workday.

D. Its policy on employee smoking is wrong.

4. Where can you probably find the text?

A. In a science magazine.

B. In a tourist guidebook.

C. In a physics textbook.

D. In a government report.

【参考答案与解析】

Passage 1

【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究发现，人的大脑对于习惯的形成起着至关重要的作用。当我们有意识地培养好的饮食习惯时，我们将更容易建立健康的生活方式。

1. A。 细节理解题。根据第一段和第三段第二句话可知，研究人员甚至找到了人脑中专门负责习惯形成的区域。由此可知，我们的大脑对于习惯的形成起着至关重要的作用。故答案为A项。

2. C。词义猜测题。根据前面的“a region of our brains called the basal ganglia lights up and says”可知，此处直接引语中的“I”指的是“the basal ganglia”。故答案为C项。

3. C。推理判断题。根据第四段中的“we automatically eat the green vegetables off our plates first without thinking about it. We prefer greens and a meal without vegetables just doesn’t sit well with us”可知，当我们养成爱吃绿色蔬菜的习惯时，我们想都不用想就直接先把盘子里的蔬菜吃光，哪顿饭没有蔬菜都会不习惯。由此可判断出答案为C项。

4. D。推理判断题。根据文章中的关键词“scientists，researchers”，再结合文章大意“我们的大脑对于习惯的形成起着至关重要的作用”可判断出，本文最有可能选自一篇研究报告。故答案为D项。

Passage 2

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，科学证据表明，夜晚适量的睡眠对孩子的发育就像健康的饮食以及有规律的锻炼一样重要。为了保证孩子有足够的睡眠，最好的方法就是父母制订一个就寝计划表。

1. A。段落大意题。睡眠对孩子们大脑的发育和身体的成长起到了很重要的作用，此外，它还在大脑处理日常活动的能力方面扮演着重要的角色。缺少睡眠就会难于集中精力，变得健忘，易怒而且易犯错。由此可判断出本段的主旨为“睡眠对孩子们很重要的原因”。故应选A项。

2. B。细节理解题。根据第二段可知，科学证据表明，夜晚适量的睡眠对孩子的发育就像健康的饮食以及有规律的锻炼一样重要。故答案为B项。

3. B。细节理解题。根据第三段第三、四句话可知，父母应制订一个就寝计划表，这一计划表是确保孩子有足够睡眠的最好的方法。故答案为B项。

4. D。观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，父母应该限制孩子睡觉之前上网、玩游戏和看电视的时间，最好是不允许他们的卧室里有电脑或者电视机。故答案为D项。

Passage 3

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，三手烟可能会破坏细胞，损坏我们的DNA，还会导致癌症和其他疾病。

1. D。细节理解题。根据第一段可知，研究人员发现，吸食二手烟后残留在表面的残渣——俗称三手烟，仍然可以损坏我们的DNA。故答案为D项。C项不是这一研究发现的结果。

2. C。词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“20 minutes”和“258 hours”可知，这个单词的意思应该是“chronically”的反义词。结合下文可知这句话的意思是：研究人员发现，和“短暂”感染烟雾的条形纸相比，“长期”被烟雾感染的条形纸上存在的有毒化合物浓度更高。故答案为C项。

3. C。细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，印第安纳大学改变了有关员工在工作时间吸烟的政策规定，原来的规定中称，工作时间内员工不得在校内吸烟，新规定则完全禁止吸烟。故答案为C项。

4. A。推理判断题。本文是一篇研究报告，说明的是三手烟对人的危害，故应出现在科学杂志中。答案为A项。

（作者单位：山东省郓城县第一中学）