从高考看v.-ing形式的形容词、副词功能

2016-04-08湖北

教学考试(高考英语) 2016年4期

关键词：主句谓语定语

湖北杨武

湖北杨武

具有形容词、副词功能的v.-ing形式即是我们常说的动词的现在分词。它同样有两态、两式，可以在句中充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语等成分。

首先，我们来看高考对它的考查：

1.（2015全国卷I，语法填空）Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people__70_（live）in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

【解析】根据句意“本公司常年为生活在上海和香港的民众提供快捷通道”可知，空白处应填入live的-ing形式living，即现在分词作“people”的后置定语，修饰“people”，其作用和意义相当于“who live”。

2.（2014全国卷I，语法填空）While there are _68_（amaze）stories of instant transformation，for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.

【解析】根据句意“虽然有惊人的即时转变的故事”可知，“stories”前应有形容词性的修饰词，故此空应填amaze的-ing形式amazing，作名词“stories”的前置定语。

3.（2014上海卷，语法填空）In 2010，it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed，_39_（urge）the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores.

【解析】根据句意“有400家乡村商店停业了，由此迫使地方政府给予财政支持……”可知，此处是表示后一行为是前一行为的结果（或伴随状况），故应用动词urge的-ing形式urging，作谓语动词“closed”的结果（或伴随）状语。v.-ing结构此时已具有副词功能，在意义上相当于“and（so）it urged”。

归纳：

一、v.-ing 形式可以用来作表语，此时，它多表示主语所具有的性质和特征。常见的这类词有：amusing，astonishing，disappointing，exciting，interesting，missing，pleasing，puzzling，shocking，striking，surprising等。如：What he says is quite encouraging. 他所讲的很鼓舞人心。The problem of bird flu is very pressing. “禽流感”的问题很紧急。

二、v.-ing形式可以用作宾语补足语，此时，它表示的是一个正在持续或进行的动作。v.-ing表示的动作和主句谓语的动作同时发生，且处于持续状态。能够以v.-ing为宾补的及物动词有get，have，keep，see，feel，notice，observe，smell，watch，find，look at，listen to等表示“使役”“感”“观”意义的动词。如：

Why do you keep him doing that silly thing? 你怎么让他做这样的蠢事呀？

Would you help me get the clock going again? 请帮我把钟弄得重新走起来好吗？

We could clearly saw the light burning hard inside. 我们可以清楚地看到里面剧烈燃烧的火光。

You can always hear the noise of desks being opened and closed at the beginning of the class. 上课之初，你总可以听到桌子被打开和关上的嘈杂之声。

Listen to the birds singing in the woods，children. 孩子们，听听鸟儿们在树林中的叫声。

三、v.-ing形式可以用作名词的定语，此时，它表示其所修饰的名词所做的动作或名词所具有的性质、特征。如：

He climbed to the top of the mountain to see the rising sun.他爬上山顶去看日出。

Be quiet not to wake the sleeping children.安静，不要把睡觉的孩子吵醒了。

She always read us some interesting stories before we went to bed. 我们睡觉之前，她总是给我们读几段有趣的故事。

但这时我们要注意区别另一类作定语的v.-ing。如：

I had to have some sleeping pills to calm myself down. 我不得不服一些安眠药来使我镇定。

这类v.-ing结构表示的不是被修饰名词的动作，而是被修饰名词的性能、功用。如上两例中，“sleeping children”的含义是“children that are sleeping”，而“sleeping pills”的含义则是“pills for sleeping”。

前一类的词还有：running water，flying kite，burning house，working people等；

后一类的词还有：drying machine，living room，drinking cup，typing paper等。

四、v.-ing形式常在句中作状语，此时，它表示主语的一种次要动作，从而对主要动作（句子的谓语动作）加以说明或修饰。这种结构相当于一个状语从句或一个并列句，其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。它可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况或补充说明等意义。

1.表示时间

Opening the door（=When I opened the door），I immediately found something unusual.

一打开门我就发现情况有点不正常。

如果主、次动作同时发生，分词前还可带上when，while。如：

Be careful when crossing the street（=when you cross the street）.过街时要小心啊！

While waiting for the train（=While I was waiting for the train），I finished half of the book. 等车的时候，我读了半本书。

如果v.-ing的动作发生在谓语动作之前，并已完成，则用v.-ing的完成式。如：

Having reached an agreement（=When they had reached an agreement），they set out to work at once. 达成协议之后，他们立即开始工作。

Having been trained for almost a year（=After they have been trained for almost a year），these children now can speak English quite well. 经过近一年的培训，这些孩子现在能讲很漂亮的英语了。

2.表示原因

Being strict in everything（=Because he was strict in everything），he did the job better than anybody else.由于他对任何事都很严格，所以他的工作做得比任何人都要好。

Not having heard from my sister for a long time（=Because I had not heard from my sister for a long time），I decided to write her a letter. 由于很长时间没有收到姐姐的来信，我决定给她去一封信。

3.表示条件

Listening to English every day（=If you listen to English every day），you’ll learn it well soon.

只要你天天听英语，你会很快学好它的。

Turning to the left（=If you turn to the left），youl’l find the restaurant easily.朝左转，你会很容易找到那家餐馆的。

4.表示结果

He died from a sudden traffic accident，leaving the experiment half-done（=so that he left the experiment halfdone）.他死于突发交通事故，结果实验在半途中止。

China became the 143rd member of WTO in 2001，thus realizing its 15-year wish（=thus it realized its 15-year wish）.中国于2001年成为世贸组织的第134名成员，实现了它15年的愿望。

5.表示方式、伴随状况或补充说明等

He stood by the roadside，watching something ahead（=and watched something ahead）.他站在路旁边，注视着前方的什么东西。

I wrote to Mom，telling her I was all right in schoo（l=and told her I was all right in school）.我给妈妈写了信，告诉她我在学校一切都好。

上面所列举的v.-ing作状语的句子中，相当于状语从句的v.-ing结构的逻辑主语往往是主句的主语，但有时v.-ing结构的逻辑主语与主句主语并不一致，它有自己的主语，这种结构与主句没有句法上的联系，这就是独立主格结构，在含义上相当于各种形式的状语从句及伴随状况等。如：

The result having been announced（=When the result had been announced），we all felt excited and pleased.结果一宣布，我们大家都感到激动和高兴。

Weather permitting（=If weather permits），wel’l have a picnic in the countryside.如果天气允许的话，我们将到乡下去野餐。

Two of his friends left to play in Bulls，he remaining in Jaz（z=but he remained in Jazz）.他的两个朋友去了公牛队打球，而他却仍在爵士队。

独立结构也可以以“with+名词（代词）+v.-ing”的形式表示出来。如：

With all his children growing up，he now lives an easy and happy life.孩子们都长大成人了，他现在生活得轻松自在，心情愉快。

Il’l soon work out the problem with you helping me all the time.有你的全程帮助，我会很快解决这个问题的。

【即时练习】观察下列画线部分v.-ing形式的用法，将斜体部分的意思用汉语表达出来。

1. Between March 10th and March 15th，each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration.

2. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point，there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States，making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.

3. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C，thinking of beaches and orange trees.

4. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.

5. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.

6. That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.

7. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.

8. ...they find themselves working to support the lifestyle to which they have so quickly become accustomed.

9. Then，still looking at me，she said slowly and seriously.

10. Thinking about his children’s clothes，he started growing cotton too.

【参考答案】

1. 闭幕式

2. 因而这使得它成为了世界上数量最多的鸟类

3. 想到了海滨和橘子树

4. 有一个收集了200余幅画的展览会

5. （当）如果我们使用一个12英寸的盘子