Youcheng ZHANG，Yulan Ll，Wenli Ll

Agricultural Technology Popularization Center of Dengzhou City，He'nan Province，Dengzhou 474150，China

Effects of Changes in Meteorological Factors on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Countermeasures

Youcheng ZHANG*，Yulan Ll，Wenli Ll

Agricultural Technology Popularization Center of Dengzhou City，He'nan Province，Dengzhou 474150，China

To explore main meteorological factors influencing wheat production in Dengzhou City，changes of meteorological factors and their effects on the growth and development of wheat in Dengzhou City from 2001 to 2015 were analyzed，and countermeasures to increase wheat yield were put forward.The results show that constant decrease of of sunshine duration have limited the increase of wheat yield，and it is necessary to improve photosynthetic efficiency to increase wheat yield.

Sunshine，temperature and precipitation；Meteorological factors；Wheat；Discussion

D engzhou City（32°22′22″-32° 59′N，111°37′40″-112°20′26″E）is situated to the south-west of Nanyang Basin in the south-west of He'nan Province，and there is 165 700 hm2of cultivated land in the city where cultivated land is the largest in area among county-level cities in He'nan Province.Its climatic zone is located in the transition zone from north temperate zone to northern subtropics，so it has a northern sub-tropical sub-humid continental climate. It is suitable to plant wheat，corn，peanut，soybean，sweet potato，tobac-co leaf，cotton and so on here，and it is an important grain-producing area in He'nan Province.Wheat is a main food crop in Dengzhou City，and its planting area is above 146 000 hm2. Therefore，wheat yield has great sig-nificance to agricultural economy and food security in Dengzhou City.

In recentyears，changes of weather conditions（especially green-house gases，El Nino and haze）have affected agricultural production greatly and have threatened food security［1］. To explore main meteorological fac-tors influencing agricultural production in Dengzhou City，changes of meteo-rological factors and their effects on the growth and development of wheat in Dengzhou City during 2001-2015 were analyzed，and countermeasures to increase wheat yield were put for-ward.

Changes of Meteorological Factors in the Growth Peri-od of Wheat in Dengzhou City

In Dengzhou City，farmers began to sow wheat seeds on October 10 and harvested wheat in late May，so the growth period of wheat is from Oc-tober 1 to next May 31.In the growth period of wheat，the period before win-tering is from October 1 to December 20；the wintering period lasts from De-cember 21 to next February 10；the period of seedling establishment is from February 11 to March 20；the standing-heading period is from March 21 to April 20；the filling-maturation pe-riod is from April 21 to May 31.

Variations of average temperature

From 2001 to 2015，average tem-perature in Dengzhou City averaged 10.88℃in the growth period of wheat，and the maximum reached 12.00℃，while the minimum was 9.88℃；the difference between the maximum andminimum was 2.12℃，and the stan-dard deviation was 0.62℃；the de-gree of variation was 5.68%，and it showed an increasing trend year by year（Fig.1）.In the period before win-tering，average temperature averaged 11.36℃，and the maximum was up to 12.54℃ ，while the minimum was 10.43℃；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 2.11℃，and the standard deviation was 0.54℃；the degree of variation was 4.74%，and it tended to increase year by year，but it changed slightly （Fig.2）.In the wintering period，average temperature averaged 2.41℃，and the maximum reached 5.53℃，while the minimum was 0.12℃；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 5.40℃，and the standard deviation was 1.37℃；the degree of variation was 56.91%，and it showed a decreasing tend year by year，and it varied greatly（Fig.3）.In the period of seedling estab-lishment（Fig.4），average temperature averaged 7.62℃，and the maximum was up to 10.74℃，while the minimum was 4.76℃；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 5.99℃，and the standard deviation was 1.65℃；the degree of variation was 21.66%，and it also tended to de-crease year by year，and it changed obviously［2］.In the standing-heading period，average temperature averaged 14.56℃，and the maximum reached 16.14℃ ，while the minimum was 12.43℃；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 3.71℃，and the standard deviation was 1.13℃；the degree of variation was 7.78%，and it showed a decreasing tend year by year，but it varied slightly（Fig.5）.In the filling-maturation period（Fig.6），av-erage temperature averaged 21.30℃，and the maximum was up to 24.53℃，while the minimum was 18.45℃；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 6.09℃，and the stan-dard deviation was 1.69℃；the degree of variation was 7.95%，and it tended to increase yearbyyear，and it changed obviously［3-4］.

Changes of average precipitation

As shown in Fig.7，in the growth period of wheat，average precipitation in Dengzhou City averaged 286.98 mm，and the maximum reached 423.80 mm，while the minimum was 122.50 mm；the difference between themaximum andminimum was 301.30 mm，and the standard devia-tion was 67.19 mm；the degree of variation was 23.41%，and it showed a decreasing trend year by year，but the reduction was not obvious［3］.In the pe-riod before wintering，average precipi-tation averaged 84.17 mm，and the maximum was up to 199.80 mm，while the minimum was 30.60 mm；the dif-ference between the maximum and minimum was 169.20 mm，and the standard deviation was 44.43 mm；the degree of variation was 52.78%，and it tended to decrease year by year（Fig.8）.In the wintering period，aver-age precipitation averaged 15.33 mm，and the maximum reached 41.80 mm，while the minimum was 2.40 mm；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 39.40 mm，and the standard deviation was 12.04 mm；the degree of variation was 78.52%，and it showed a decreasing tend year by year，and it varied greatly （Fig.9）.In the period of seedling establishment，average precipitation averaged 33.41 mm，and the maximum was up to 92.80 mm，while the minimum was 8.40 mm；the difference between themaximum and minimum was 84.40 mm，and the standard deviation was 20.10 mm；the degree of variation was 60.17%，and it also tended to de-crease year by year，and it changed obviously （Fig.10）.In the standing-heading period，average precipitation averaged 50.16 mm，and the maxi-mum reached 89.40 mm，while the minimum was 7.10 mm℃；the differ-ence between the maximum and min-imum was 82.30 mm，and the stan-dard deviation was 24.16 mm；the de-gree of variation was 48.18%，and it showed a decreasing tend year by year，but the decrease is not obvious（Fig.11）.In the filling-maturation peri-od，average precipitation averaged 106.63 mm，and the maximum was up to 204.40 mm，while the minimum was 25.00 mm；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 179.40 mm，and the standard deviation was 47.08 mm；the degree of variation was 44.15%，and it tended to increase year by year，and the increase was obvious（Fig.12）.

Variations of average sunshine du-ration

In the growth period of wheat，av- erage sunshine duration in Dengzhou City averaged 1 091.13 h，and the maximum reached 1 278.00 h，while the minimum was 775.20 h；the differ-ence between the maximum and min-imum was 502.80 h，and the standard deviation was 137.03 h；the degree of variation was 12.56%，and it declined year by year （Fig.13）.In the period before wintering，average sunshine duration averaged 341.33 h，and the maximum was up to 446.10 h，while the minimum was 245.50 h；the differ-ence between the maximum and min-imum was 200.60 h，and the standarddeviation was 57.10 h；the degree of variation was 16.73%，and it tended to decrease year by year（Fig.14）.In the wintering period，average sunshine duration averaged 192.39 h，and the maximum reached 316.70 h，while the minimum was 122.50 h；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 194.20 h，and the standard devi-ation was 49.50 h；the degree of vari-ation was 25.73%，and it showed a de-creasing tend year by year（Fig.15）.In the period of seedling establishment，average sunshine duration averaged 163.79 h，and the maximum was up to 254.50 h，while the minimum was 82.80 h；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 171.70 h，and the standard deviation was 47.86 h；the degree of variation was 29.22%，and it also tended to decrease year by year（Fig.16）.In the standing-heading period，average sunshine duration av-eraged 168.76 h，and the maximum reached 218.70 h，while the minimum was 109.90 h；the difference between themaximum andminimum was 108.80 h，and the standard deviation was 35.01 h；the degree of variation was 20.75%，and it showed a decreas-ing tend year by year（Fig.17）.In the filling-maturation period，average sun-shine duration averaged 233.99 h，and the maximum was up to 333.70 h，while the minimum was 158.10 h；the difference between the maximum and minimum was 175.60 h，and the stan-dard deviation was 45.85 h；the degree of variation was 19.60%，and it tended to decrease year by year，but the re-duction was not obvious（Fig.18）.

Effects of the Changes in Meteorological Factors on the Growth and Develop-ment of Wheat

Temperature

From 2001 to 2015，average tem-perature showed an increasing tend in the growth period of wheat，but it tend-ed to decrease in the wintering period，the period of seedling establishment，and the standing-heading period ex-cept for the period before wintering（average temperature increased slightly）and the filling-maturation peri-od（average temperature increased obviously，and the degree of variation was only 7.95%）.The changing trends of average temperature have both positive and negative effects on wheat production in Dengzhou City.That is，the slight increase of average tempera-ture in the period before wintering was conducive to the growth of wheat，but farmers tended to choose feeble-spring variety；the decrease of aver-age temperature in the wintering peri-od and the period of seedling estab-lishment increased the probability of cold damage of wheat and prolong the time of seedling establishment；the proper reduction of average tempera-ture in the standing-heading period was beneficial to the increase of ker-nels per spike；the increase of average temperature in the filling-maturation period could speed up filling but in-crease the probability of forced mature by high temperature and dry and hot wind［4］.

Precipitation

During 2001-2015，average pre-cipitation tended to decrease in the growth period of wheat，but the reduc-tion was small.It showed a decreasing trend in each period except for the fill-ing-maturation period，and the reduc-tion was obvious in the wintering peri-od and the period of seedling estab-lishment.On the whole，the decrease of precipitation will become a key fac-tor limiting wheat production［5］.Mean-while，the increase of precipitation in the filling-maturation period should be paid more attention to，and it is neces-sary to prevent wheatear from germi-nating and control diseases and pests in the heading period.In addition，the degree of variation of precipitation in each period was higher than 40%，so strengthening water resource manage-ment is an important way of improving wheat yield.

Sunshine duration

Any green crops can not grow without photosynthesis that can not conduct without sunshine，and wheat grains are the product of photosynthe-sis.At the same time，sunshine dura-tion and intensity can affect the occur-rence of agricultural diseases and in-sect pests.From 2001 to 2015，aver-age sunshine duration in Dengzhou City decreased year by year，which will affect the normal photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation of wheat and then wheat yield.For instance，short-age of sunshine in the period before wintering and the wintering period will affectdry matteraccumulation of wheat，so that it is easy to cause cold damage；insufficient sunshine in the period of seedling establishment and the standing-heading period will make wheat stalk weak，so that wheat will lodge easily；inadequate sunshine in the filling-maturation period will influ-ence dry matter formation and filling. Additionally，insufficient sunshine can increase the probability of plant dis-eases and insect pests.

Countermeasures to In-crease Wheat Yield under Current Meteorological Conditions

Shortage ofsunshine in the growth period of wheat has limited the increase of wheat yield in Dengzhou City.Some countermeasures to in-crease wheat yield under current me-teorological conditions are put forward as follows.Firstly，farmers should choose feeble-spring （or semi-winter early-maturing）varieties with multiple and big seeds，large spikes，high pho-tosynthetic efficiency，fast filing and great ability to resist plant diseases and insectpests.Secondly，deep tillage，application organic fertilizer and returning straw to field are needed to improve the capacity of farmland to store water and preserve soil moisture and utilization efficiency of water re-sources.Thirdly，it is necessary to spread wide planting technology or in-crease row spacing properly to im-prove make farmland well-ventilated and translucidus，which can not only reduce plant diseases and insect pests but also increase photosynthetic rate. Fourthly，the application of phospho-rus，potassium and trace-element fertil-izer is needed to increase stem tough-ness and lodging resistance of wheat. Fifthly，the focus of final-period man-agement should be on prevention and control of plant diseases and insectpests.

Conclusions

Acceleration ofindustrialization process has resulted in climatic change，global warming and frequent appearance of haze，which has affect crop growth and people's life.From 2001 to 2015，average temperature in Dengzhou City showed an increasing trend in the growth period of wheat，es-pecially in the filling-maturation period；average precipitation tended to de-crease；sunshine duration reduced obviously.Decrease of precipitation and serious shortage of sunshine have limited the increase of wheat yield.The way to make full use of advantages of climatic change and avoid its disad-vantages needs to be studied further.

［1］JIANG DB（姜大膀），ZHANG Y（张颖），SUN JQ（孙建奇）.Ensemble projection of 1-3℃warming in China （中国地区1-3℃变暖的集合预估分析）［J］.Science Bulletin（科学通报），2009，54（24）：3870-3877.

［2］XU CH（许崇海），LUO Y（罗勇），XU Y（徐影）.Assessment and projection for spatial-temporal distribution of precipita-tion in China based on global climate models（全球气候模式对中国降水分布时空特征的评估和预估）［J］.Progressus Inquisitiones DE Mutatione Climatis（气候变化研究进展），2010，6（6）：398-404.

［3］DING YH（丁一汇），REN GY（任国玉），SHI GY（石广玉），et al.China's nation- al assessment report on climate change（I）：Climate change in China and the fu-ture trend（气候变化国家评估报告（I）：中国气候变化的历史和未来趋势）［J］.Pro-gressus Inquisitiones DE Mutatione Cli-matis（气候变化研究进展），2006，2（1）：3-8.

［4］LIAN LS （廉丽姝）.Impact of climate change and natural disasters on grain yields in Shandong Province in past 40 years（山东省气候变化及农业自然灾害对粮食产量的影响）［J］.Meteorological Science and Technology（气象科技），2005，33（1）：73-76.

［5］ZHANG X（张星）.Research on sensitiv-ity of grain yields to meteorological dis-asters in Fujian Province（福建粮食生产对气象灾害的敏感性研究）［J］.Meteoro-logical Science and Technology（气象科技），2007，35（2）：232-235.

Responsible editor：Yingying YANG

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

气象因子变化对小麦生长发育的影响及对策探讨

张有成*，李玉兰，李文丽 （河南省邓州市农业技术推广中心，河南邓州 474150）

基于气象分析，寻求影响小麦持续稳产、高产的关键气象因子，并在此基础上探索小麦持续稳产、高产的应变对策。经研究发现，光照时间的持续减少，已成为当前制约小麦高产、稳产的关键气象因子，在栽培上必须以提高光合效率为手段来促进小麦稳产高产。

光温水；气象因子；小麦；探讨

张有成（1969-），男，河南邓州人，研究员，主要从事作物栽培及土肥监测研究，E-mail：13733112772@163.com。*通讯作者。

2015-08-28

*Corresponding author.E-mail：13733112772@163.com

Received：August 28，2015 Accepted：September 28，2015

修回日期 2015-09-28