陈友玲（福建省永安一中366000）

2014福建高考英语科考试说明解读之二
——词汇篇

陈友玲（福建省永安一中366000）

解读一《2014福建高考英语科考试说明》在语言运用的要求中提到，英语单词的含义并非等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。学生应能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，初步具备一定的阅读能力。解读二在《附录：语法项目表》中提出，要求学生掌握构词法、合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写。解读三在词汇表II收入40个词频较高的常用词；解读四2014短文填词设题特点稍有改动。

正确理解词义构词法新增词汇2014短文填词设题

关于2014年考纲的解读，福州的一位专家已经对考试说明、命题特点、二轮复习建议做了全面讲评，所以我的这次解读是“之二”。通过这次解读，我发现考纲就像航海中的灯塔，能够照亮我的教学之路，使我发现自己教学中存在的问题。这次最大的收获是词汇方面，所以这篇为词汇篇。

解读一：培养学生猜测词义的能力

《2014考试说明》语言运用的要求中说到英语单词的含义并非等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。学生要能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，真正初步具备一定的阅读能力。我分析每一年福建高考英语卷，发现出题人都在考查学生这方面的能力。比如，

（2013福建高考英语试题C篇）65.If you buy six 2012 U.S.Mint Silver Eagles by post, you should pay at least____.

A.$230.7B.$233.7

C.$240.7D.$243.7

而在文章中的最下方有这段内容：Yourcost

·1-4 Coins$38.95 each+s/h

·5-9 Coins$38.45 each+s/h

·10-19 Coins$37.95 each+s/h

·20-40 Coins$37.45 each+s/h

学生看到这里，大多就选了A，实际上在图片下面有个Note:$10 s/h(shipping and handling)for each purchase。这就需要联系上下文，明确知道shipping和handling的词义。如果学生看不懂这两个词，答案无法正确。

（2013福建高考英语试题D篇）...It would remain the case,of course,that Mrs.Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board,...—and might even have hobnobbed (攀谈)with influential figures.

如果学生只知道board是“板”，figure是“计算”的意思，那这段内容会给他们带来干扰。

(2012福建高考英语试题完形填空)“Raddar?”he said,using my childhood nickname(绰号).I was astonished at being so 50 addressed(称呼).

address大家熟悉的意思是地址，这里却是称呼。

(2010福建高考英语试题完形填空)I found the fish 45 surrounded in a sea of customers.“I’d like to buy some fresh fish,”I shouted to the fishman.

45.A.farm B.standC.pondD.market

这题在当年的得分率非常低。因为很少学生了解stand有“摊位”的意思。

(2014厦门高三质量检查阅读理解A 1)... picking up speed once we hit the main road.

联系上下文，这里的picking up是“加速”的意思，hitthemainroad是上了主干道的意思。

(阅读理解E)The linguist,whose work is published in the journal PLOS ONE,said,Once you’re outside of a certain range of familiarity, novel and exotic sounding voices might become more attractive.

这儿，“novel”不是小说的意思，而是新颖、奇特的意思。

纵观这几年的试卷，出现了stand,address,board,figure,handle,ship等类似这样的大量的词，那今年又会出现哪些词，我们应如何应对呢？

策略一：通过文本学习熟词（生）新意、一词多义、激发学生动脑思考，提高词语猜测能力，培养思维能力

比如，1.Many of his friends backed his plan.

2.Mother cans fruit.

3.The UN has done a lot for the cause of world peace.

4.Here is$500;that should cover all your expenses.

5.His name escaped me for the moment.

6.It was in that express way that the traffic accident happened.

7.Are you game to climb the mountain?

8.He has strong grounds for more money.

策略二：锻炼学生的猜词能力

在实际教学中，我经常直接把单词的意思、用法告诉学生，很少去培养他们根据语境猜词的能力，顶多在讲评阅读理解中有遇到猜测词义的题目，才讲解一下。而在高考中，这项能力是需要我们在平时的教学中进行训练的，要不断创造各种语境，培养学生的猜测能力。

解读二：构词法是扩大词汇量的重要方法

在《附录：语法项目表》中要求学生掌握构词法、合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写。

例如，（2013福建高考英语试题E篇）72.

According to Alex Goldberg,it is difficult for schools to offer the mentoring due to_____.

A.the lack of support from firms

B.the cultural differences

C.the effect of unemployment

D.the shortage of money

原文提到：

At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring,it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.

这题答案选项(D)是the shortage of money,原文词cutbacks显然是答案中shortage的同义词表达，而这两个词都是合成词。

（2013福建高考英语试题C篇）66.The ad strongly encourages people to purchase the silver coins by____.

A.shopping online

B.making a phone call

C.lining up in front of the stores

D.writing to the company

·Note:$10 s/h(shipping and handling)for each purchase

·For fastest service,call toll-free 24 hours a day

66题的原文：For fastest service,call tollfree 24 hours a day.

66题的答案选项(B)就是making a phone call,是原文词call的同义词表达，而toll-free带来干扰。

（2013福建高考英语试题C篇）Today, you can graduate to the front of that line.Buy now and you can own these brilliant uncirculated Silver Dollars for only$38.95!

64.What is stressed in the ad?

A.The coin is of high quality and worth collecting.

B.The coin can be circulated as a currency.

C.Limited supplies guarantee a stable price of the coin.

D.Demand for the coin is bound to break records.

在B选项中uncirculated是circulated的否定式，这样，很快可以排除B选项。

（2013福建高考英语试题B篇）…a technology already available on smartphones and tablets(平板电脑)that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings.

这句话中smartphones和overlays都是合成词。

（2014厦门高三质量检查）Last week’s announcement marks the first time an endangered fish has recovered enough to be delisted.

Delisted词根是list,前缀de,后缀ed.如果学生不具备这些基本的构成法，在阅读理解与完形填空中将举步维艰。

策略：掌握构词法知识，扩大词汇量

1.掌握合成词，如stand的合成词：

Four steps to succeed:Stand the loneliness,withstandthetemptation,understand how to give up,learn to choose.成功人生四部曲：耐住寂寞,抵住诱惑,懂得放弃,学会选择。

2.了解前缀后缀含义。比如词根pose，掌握了ex-,im-,dis-,re-,de-,inter-,trans-, pro-的含义，就可以明白expose,impose,dispose,repose,depose,interpose,transpose,propose。

解读三：词汇要求方面有变化

由《考试说明》解读可知，词汇表II收入40个词频较高的常用词；词汇总计约3420个；（不含附录后的国家、月份、星期、数词等词汇）；新增20个词。

2014新增20词：

1.capable(a.)，2.career(n.)，3.critical (a.)，4.curiosity(n.)，5.detail(n.)，6.drama(n.)，7.economy(n.)，8.efficient(a.)，9.emotional (a.)，10.factor(n.)，11.feature(n.)，12.highlight (n.&v.)，13.impact(n.)，14.investigation(n.)，15.issue(n&，v.)，16.release(v.)，17.resource (n.)，18.significant(a.)，19.transfer(n&V.)，20. vary(v.)

那这些词汇会如何被检测呢？我们来看看2013新增词汇的考法。例如，2013新增高频词involve，在2013高考中以单选的形式考出来。

24.Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which____spending quite a lot of time with students.

A.enjoysB.involvesC.practices D.suggests

2013新增高频词opportunity在2013高考中以完形填空的形式考出来：

In 1972 David Smith had such an 40．Smith,an adventurer,decided to spend a night 41 in St．Michael’s Cave as a test of 42.In his book HUG THE MONSTER,he tells of hearing 43 sounds all around him as he lay there in the dark,damp,and deserted cave．

40.A.journeyB.dreamC.accident D.opportunity

2013新增高频词community在短文填词中的体现：

The Old saying starts，“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day…and distribute them to(80)______(社区)center and homeless shelters．

策略：全面掌握这二十个词汇的用法。

Noun

1.[C]an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about

重要议题；争论的问题：

a key/sensitive/controversial issue关键的╱敏感的╱有争议的问题

This is a big issue;we need more time to think about it.这是个重大问题，我们需要花较多的时间考虑。

Don’t confuse the issue.不要模糊焦点。

2.[C]a problem or worry that somebody has with something（有关某事的）问题，担忧：

Money is not an issue.钱不是问题。

If you have any issues,please call this number.?如有问题，请拨打这个电话号码。

3.[C]one of a regular series of magazines or newspapers一期；期号：

The article appeared in issue 25.该文发表在第25期。

4.[C]a number or set of things that are supplied and made available at the same time一次发行额（或一套）：

The company is planning a new share issue.公司正计划发行新股。

a special issue of stamps特别发行的一套邮票

Verb[VN]

1.~something(to somebody)to make something known formally宣布；公布；发出：

They issued a joint statement denying the charges.他们发表联合声明否认指控。

The police have issued an appeal for witnesses.警方发出了寻找目击证人的呼吁。

2.[often passive]~something(to somebody) ~somebody with something to give something to somebody,especially officially（正式）发给，供给：

to issue passports/visas/tickets发护照╱签证╱票

New members will be issued with a temporary identity card.新成员将配发临时身分卡。

2014厦门市高三质量检查中考查issue的用法：

23.The authorities______an orange warning and urged people to stay indoors due to the smog.

A.commandedB.struckC.cancelled D.issued

解读四：短文填词设题方式有变化

今年增加了词汇和短文填词的长度，便于为提供考生更多的信息；设题方式也变了，不是一行一个词；

2014短文填词设题特点：

·共10小题，每小题1分，本题以一篇约180词的短文为载体，要求考生根据问题语境和提示，在短文的空格内填入一个适当的单词，使短文意思连贯通畅。考查以实词为主，兼顾其他词类；

·首字母和语境提示分别3-4个，汉语提示2-3个。

策略：多加练习

1.选择一篇180词左右的文本，根据你想要考查的词汇进行改编.

2.学生完成任务后还可成为一篇很好的文本诵读材料。

如2014厦门一中月考卷，短文填词：

...Cycling is a safe,clean,healthy,inexpensive way to get around.It not only(77)reduces(减少)traffic congress and pollution,but also(78)contributes to public health.Bikefriendly(79)policies(政策)have also led to the phenomenon.

这篇短文不仅让学生掌握reduces,policies,而且也可以收获a way to do,contribute to, lead to的用法,非常值得背诵。

著名语言学家David Wilkins说过：“没有语法几乎不能交流思想，没有词汇根本不能交流思想。”教师应让学生掌握熟词新意、构词法、新增词汇用法、熟读文本。相信得词汇者得天下。

本文系福建省教育科学“十二五”规划课题《英语阅读与词汇附带习得研究》（立项批准号：FJJKXB13-106）论文。

（责编 张亚欣）