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英语阅读理解中的生词词义猜测方法

2015-01-30张文中

中国民族博览 2015年10期
关键词:构词法鹅卵石生词

张文中

(湖北省房县一中,湖北 十堰 442000)

英语阅读理解中的生词词义猜测方法

张文中

(湖北省房县一中,湖北十堰442000)

阅读是英语教学和考试中的一个重要部分,也是英语能力的一种体现,有人说:英语高考中“得阅读者得天下”。但在考试中,英语阅读因复杂的语法、大量的生僻词汇而让英语阅读变得很难。猜词技巧也是一种很重要的应试技巧。在诸多的英语测试中,几乎都包含有判断生词或关键词词义的题目。阅读中的词汇障碍主要来自两个方面:一是生词;二是旧词新义。如何在英语阅读中快速猜测生僻词汇的意思是中学英语阅读教学的重要内容之一。下面根据我自己的教学体会谈谈如何在英语阅读中猜词义。

英语阅读;生词词义

一、根据对文章的整体理解及对语言的感悟能力猜测词义

语言是传情达意的一种工具,无论是一段文章或一篇文章,都有它自己的完整性,它都会明确地表达某种意义。我们可以根据自己的语言感悟能力和理解能力把握整篇文章的意思,根据语篇及语境来猜测某个单词的意思,这就需要有较强的语言感悟能力和丰富的思想内涵及文化底蕴。

例如:The moneylender told them that he would put a black pebble and a white pebble into an empty bag. The girl would then have to pick one pebble from the bag. If she picked the black pebble, she would become the moneylender’s wife and he would forgo her father’s debt. If she picked the white pebble, she need not marry him and her father’s debt would still be forgiven. But if she refused to pick a pebble, her father would be thrown into jail.

The underlined word “forgo” in paragraph 2 may mean ___________.

A. pay offB. run outC. take overD.give up

此段文字的意思是:高利贷商人告诉可怜的伦敦商人和少女,他会把一颗白色和一颗黑色鹅卵石放进一个空的钱袋里,然后让少女挑选其中一颗。如果她选中的是黑色鹅卵石,那么她将嫁给高利贷商人,她父亲的债务也会被取消。如果她选中的是白色鹅卵石,那么她可以继续留在父亲身边,而债务也将被取消。但是,如果她拒绝挑选鹅卵石,那么她父亲会被送进监狱。根据整段文字的意思知道如果女孩抓到黑色卵石,她将成为高利贷商人的妻子,他也将放弃、取消她父亲的债务 ,因此答案为D。

二、根据上下文对该词的定义、解释、并列或转折等关系来猜测词义

句子中有些词在其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释,学生们可通过对其定义或解释的理解来推测出它的词义。定义、解释多样,常用refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely,yet, however, while, unlike等词语来提示下文将对前面的信息加以重复或解释。

[例1]He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.

此句中,who引导的定语从句对生词“prestidigitator”的词义给出了非常清楚的定义。根据这一定义,读者就不难猜测出prestidigitator的词义。能从帽子里拉出兔子、吞火和玩其他类似的把戏的人不就是变戏法的人吗?因此,“prestidigitator”一词的词义就应是“变戏法者”。

[例2]Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.

[例3]Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.

由句中的while可以看出to be static与changes形成对比,从而猜出static意为“稳定的”。

[例4]In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way。Now,however,everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.

此句中,以信号词however为线索,可以看出作者把现在的事情与过去相比。过去是“in an orderly way”,而现在是“in a state of turmoil”,过去是秩序井然,那么现在则相反,那就是一片混乱。

三、根据构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)

英语单词的构词法以派生和合成为主,了解构词法并记住一些派生词词缀,可以扩充词汇量,也可以猜测生词词义。

[例1]He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成,over有“超过、过于”之意,overwork意思是“工作过多,劳累过度”。

[例2]The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)

[例3]However, most of our ideas about the future are nearly very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years.

根据构词法,short-sighted是short与sight合成以后再加上后缀-ed派生的词,possibility是possible的同根词,再结合文中语境,我们就知道它们的含义分别是“缺乏远见的”和“可能性”。

[例4]This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals

mismatch 为“搭配错误,不匹配”

[例5]From January, the network will aim to make suggestions to politicians on how government can do more to get children muddy and bright-eyed.

The underlined part means “_______ ”.

A. to make children covered with mud

B. to urge politicians to do more things for children

C.to encourage children to take part in outdoors activities

D. to help children identify common species

前文说如何让现在的孩子保持健康,此处为网络想向政府做一些建议,根据muddy和bright-eyed的构词法应该猜到答案为C.

四、根据标点符号猜测词义

作者有时利用标点符号,如括号、冒号、破折号等为一些生词直接提供定义或解释,这些符号无疑为读者理解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索。

[例1]Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind)normally occur on hot, humid (a little wet)day, but not necessarily in the summer.

此句中,“tornado”和“humid”两词的词义都在括弧里被清楚地表述出来。“tornado”即一种非常剧烈的、破坏性很大的旋转的风。很明显,这是“旋风,飓风”;humid即有点湿,其词义很清楚是“潮湿的”意思。在这种情况下,利用括号作为猜词线索,在一瞬间就能猜出其词义来,阅读可继续进行,不会因生词而影响阅读速度。

五、利用文意及逻辑关系来推测词义

在理清生词前后文意的基础上,分析上下文的逻辑关系,是递进、转折还是并列,可猜出生词的词义。

[例 1]That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

.What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?

A. ShowedB. Sent outC. DeliveredD. Gave back

根据后文My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents可知那家人把捡到的文件替作者的丈夫保存着,然后亲自送还给他,由此判断“归还”更符合语境,故答案选D。

[例 2]One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business,politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.

只要看清此短语前后两句话意思相反,就能容易地看出quite the reverse意为“完全相反”。

以上介绍了几种猜测词义的方法,相信对同学们积累词汇、理解文章意思会有所帮助。英语学习应日积月累,并时刻做有心人,发现规律,寻找技巧,提高英语水平。

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