邱彩花

写概要主要是把具体的信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，不能抄袭文章的句子，不能把细节性的信息作为中心，而要通过对文章中的单词和句子进行合理转换，重组文章的信息，再用合适的语言进行表述，从而体现考生的概括、重构与产出的能力。下面我们结合实例，谈谈如何对不同体裁的文章进行概括。

一、记叙文概要的写法

记叙文包括单纯叙事的记叙文、夹叙夹议的记叙文和哲理性的小品文，单纯叙事记叙文的概要主要包括以下内容：谁？做了什么事？结果如何？如果是哲理性的小品文，则先按照单纯记叙文的概括方法写，然后再加上作者的看法或观点以及从中得出的哲理。

[实例一]

Today I was having a PE lesson when I fell down and hurt my foot. I was in great pain at that moment, but I tried to act as if nothing had happened until the class was over. Though I had difficulty walking back to my classroom, I still didnt tell anyone and refused the offer of help of my classmates. As a result, the hurt in my foot became worse. Now I know Im wrong. We can tell others our need for help and accept their help. Some day we can help others in return. In this way, we can get along with each other happily and peacefully.

思路分析：这是一篇记叙文，概括时只需包含谁（the author）？干了什么事(hurt his foot seriously, but refused help from others)？结果如何(His condition became worse)？作者最后还从这件事得出一个经验教训：我们应该互相帮助(we should accept others help when in trouble/when in need / when necessary)。因此，这篇记叙文可以概括如下：

The writer hurt his foot seriously but refused other classmates help, which made the pain even worse, from which he realized that it is important to help each other when in trouble.

[实例二]

Last weekend, when I was taking the elevator in my apartment building, a man with a large dog came in. The dog seemed very fierce and kept barking at me. What is more serious is that it was not bound to any rope. The big dog licked my shoes and I was really frightened. However, the owner was not regretful at all and he even didnt say sorry to me. I was really angry about this uncivilized behavior.

While it is true that people have right to keep pets, they still have to consider other peoples feelings. For example, when they walk the dog outside, they, a t least, have to bind the dog to a rope and keep it under control. As I know, in some western countries, it is illegal to walk the dog without a rope to bind it. I think measures should be taken to prevent this kind of uncivilized things happening again.

思路分析：这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，作者在讲述了一件事（I was really frightened）之后，还对这件事发表了看法（I was really angry about this uncivilized behavior），并在最后一段提出建议（measures should be taken）在概括时要注意把作者的情感frightened转换成名词fright，把最后一句用argue for 来替代I think，用uncivilized来替代bad-mannered 并对prevent进行词性转换成 prevention，因此，本文可以概括如下：

Having suffered the fright of a big dog from a stranger, who behaved extremely impolitely, the author strongly argued for the prevention of this bad-mannered behavior.

二、说明文概要的写法

说明文，以及新闻报道，通常会有中心句，写概要时要找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述出来。

[实例三]

You may not be very familiar with “ecotourism”—a new term in today's tourism industry—but in an era of growing environmental consciousness, it is not too difficult for us to imagine and work out the meaning of this new form of holiday.

Ecotourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique flowers, plants, animals and the cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It is considered as a kind of responsible tourism which seriously takes ecology and culture into consideration. Therefore, programs involving the conservation and preservation of some natural and cultural sites also form a part of ecotourism.

Ecotourism is developing at great speed. According to a report by the World Tourism Organization, ecotourism in recent years has enjoyed an annual growth of about 5% worldwide. Over 80 activities have been listed for ecotourism, such as bird watching, hiking, diving, photography, mountaineering and participating in various kinds of local cultural events.

Although big cities are still the major places that absorb tourists in our society today, it looks like some smaller towns and rural areas rich in ecological, cultural and historical resources may well become the new destinations for people to visit tomorrow.

思路分析：这篇文章的主题段在第二段及最后一段，主要告诉人们什么是生态游。因此，在概括时要把文章的主题段的中心词（cultural heritage， takes ecology and culture into consideration and historical resources）用自己的话表述出来。原文takes ecology and culture into consideration可以用attracts tourists by natural and cultural heritage来进行转述，同时还要注意词性的转换。因此，这篇说明文可以概括如下：

Ecotourism is a new fast- developing form of holiday which attracts tourists by natural and cultural heritage, as well as historical resources. It can be a way to protect the environment.

[实例四]

BEIJING—Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang slipped out of the orbital module（舱） of Shenzhou VII Saturday afternoon, starting Chinas first spacewalk or extravehicular activity (EVA) in the outer space. Donning（穿上，戴上）a US$4million homemade Feitian space suit, Zhai waved to the camera mounted on the service module after pulling himself out of the capsule（太空舱） in head-out-first position, video monitor at the Beijing Aerospace Control Center (BACC) showed. “Shenzhou VII is now outside the spacecraft. I feel well. I am here greeting the Chinese people and people of the whole world,” the 42-year-old astronaut reported to the ground control in Beijing.

Video monitor at the ground control showed Zhai slowly moved towards a test sample of solid lubricant（润滑油） placed outside the orbital module. He took the sample and handed it over to Liu Boming, who stayed in the orbital module and closely monitored Zhais moves. After the handover, Zhai, who dreamed of flying into space as an impoverished teenager, started the core part of the space adventure, spacewalk.

The Shenzhou VII spacecraft took off from northwest Chinas Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 9:10 pm on Thursday, and is scheduled to land on the Inner Mongolia steppe on Sunday.

思路分析：这是一篇新闻报道，其主题句就是文章的第一句[Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang slipped out of the orbital module（舱） of Shenzhou VII Saturday afternoon, starting Chinas first spacewalk or extravehicular activity (EVA) in the outer space]。找出主题句后再用自己的话表述出来。可以概括如下：

The news report mainly talks about the process of Chinas first spacewalk in the outer space conducted by astronaut Zhai Zhigang. The Shenzhou VII spacecraft will land on schedule on the

Inner Mongolia steppe.

三、议论文概要的写法

议论文的概括先要弄清文章的观点、论据和结论，注意文章的首句或首段以及文章的末句和末段，文章有多个段落的，几个段落的中心就是主旨。文中有一分为二的观点的，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。同时注意使用合理的过渡词语或句子，把概要和发表议论的段落有机地联系起来，使文章连贯和流畅。

[实例五]

Students should think now about what extracurricular activities they would like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didnt previously know.

You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.

Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers youre well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.

The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.

思路分析：这篇议论文主要论说了参加课外活动的好处，一个段落说到一个好处（may help you deepen your interests，break down the barriers，helps you in other way，are less likely to pick up bad habits），在概括时只需把这几个段落的大意用自己的话转述出来，第一、二段可以用widen social circle and improve communicating skills来表达，第三、四段用prepare for their future and form good habits来概括。再运用定语从句和一些并列连词and, as well as把信息点合并成一个句子。此文可以概括如下：

The writer argues for the strengths of extracurricular activities, which helps students better themselves in widening their social circle and improving communicating skills, making preparations for their future as well as forming good habits.

[实例六]

Although the recent week-long National Day holiday generated an expected economic boom, the “Golden Week” holidays are losing their charms for more and more Chinese people, a nationwide survey shows.

During the recent week-long holiday, China received 101 million tourists nationwide and reaped 39.7 billion Yuan (4.8 billion dollars) in tourism, the best “harvest ”since China introduced two extra “Golden Week” holidays in 1999.

However, the “Golden Week” also put unprecedented pressure on the countrys transportation system and service industry. Compared with the ardent welcome the holiday received several years ago, 44% of Chinese citizens prefer “free and flexible holidays with payments maintained” instead of fixed holidays, according to a survey conducted by the Beijing-based Zero Survey Net.com (ZSN).

Too many jams in transportation, restaurants, hotels and scenic spots resulted in peoples disfavor with the current “Golden Week”.

思路分析：作者用一分为二的观点，在第一、二段论说了黄金周带来丰厚的经济效益（economic boom），在三、四段论说了黄金周给交通和公共服务系统以及景点本身带来了很大的压力（pressure on the countrys transportation system and service industry.）。概括时可以用prosperity来替代文中的boom，用traffic来替代transportation，避免抄袭的嫌疑。同时还要注意把黄金周带来的负面影响整合成一个句子，使用as well as 来连接，使句子结构紧凑严谨。因此，这篇议论文可以概括如下：

The “Golden Week” not only brings China surprising economic prosperity but also pressure on the traffic system and service industry as well as scenic spots. People would like to enjoy a more flexible vocation.

四、表格概要的写法

表格类的文章则要注意整合表格信息并且运用连贯合适的语言把表格信息表述出来。

[实例七]

以下是某一学校对青少年喜欢的音乐种类及原因进行了一次调查。情况如下：

思路分析：这篇表格信息主要是青少年听不同种类的音乐的百分比以及为什么喜欢听音乐的理由。（55% listen to music mainly because they like the rhythm of the music.36% are affected by music played on TV or in films），在概括时可以用more than half 来替换55%;用largely来替换mainly;用influenced来替换affected;用media来替换TV or films。因此，可以概括如下：

From the chart we can see that more than half of the teenagers enjoy listening to pop music largely because they enjoy the rhythm of the music or they are just influenced by music in the media.

五、发言稿概要的写法

发言稿通常会很明确地表明观点或态度，写概要时要从发言者的语言中明确作者的态度，把握作者的写作目的。

[实例八]

Dear Chinese friends,

Tonight, we come to the end of 16 glorious days which we will cherish forever. Thank you to the people of China, to all the wonderful volunteers and to BOCOG!

Through these Games, the world learned more about China, and China learned more about the world. Athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees came to these dazzling venues and awed us with their talent. New stars were born. Stars from past Games amazed us again. We shared their joys and their tears, and we marveled at their ability. We will long remember the achievements we witnessed here. To the athletes tonight: You were true role models. You have shown us the unifying power of sport.

The Olympic spirit lives in the warm embrace of competitors from nations in conflict. Keep that spirit alive when you return home.

These were truly exceptional Games!

Thank you!

(Adapted from the speech by IOC President Jacques Rogge)

思路分析：从这篇发言稿所用的词语（glorious, the wonderful volunteers, amazed, marveled，achievements，keep the Olympic spirit alive）我们可知奥委会主席罗格高度评价了北京奥运会以及运动员们出色的表现，并且希望大家能够发扬奥运精神（Keep that spirit alive when you return home）。写这篇概要时，可以用更概括的词语spoke in praise of或spoke highly of 来替换以上的词语，并用一个定语从句使句子连贯。因此，这篇发言稿可以概括如下：

Rogge, in his speech, spoke highly of the Beijing Olympic Games, in which the athletes did their utmost to achieve their goals, and he hoped people should keep up the Olympic spirit.

总之，在备考读写任务的概要写作时，我们要根据不同文体的不同特点，用不同的方法进行针对性的训练，定能提高我们的概括能力，从而在高考中取得最佳成绩。

责任编校 蒋小青