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定语从句知识点精讲

2008-10-18

中学英语之友·高一版 2008年9期
关键词:限制性主句先行

梁 冰

1.关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:

His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

2.判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

这是我去年呆过的山村。

Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.

我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。

方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。

3.限制性和非限制性定语从句

1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

This is the house which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

4.介词+关系词

1) 介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2)that前不能有介词。

3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如:

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

这是我两年前住过的房子。

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

5.as, which引导的非限定性定语从句

由as, which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:

As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.

如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。

as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:

(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。

(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

6.先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever可以用 anyone who代替)

2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what可以用all that代替)

7.what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

1)what=the thing which;whatever=anything例如:

What you want has been sent here. 你要的东西都送来了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me.

不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。

2)who=the person that, whoever=anyone who.

3)that和what

当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。what只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。例如:

I think (that) you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。

What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。

8.关系代词that的用法

1)不用that的情况

a)引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b)介词后不能用。例如:

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

我们依赖土地获得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。

There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken.

在那个角落还有一个空座位。

b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。

Innovation was the only thing that interested her most.

创新是她惟一感兴趣的。

d)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。

This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city.

这是这座城市到目前为止所放过的最好的电影。

e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例如:

She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.

她把她所感兴趣的人和物全拍摄了下来。

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