安东升　刘亚男　严程明　赵宝山　刘洋　李昊儒　窦美安

摘  要：為探明菠萝田间控水减肥效应及确定补充灌溉施肥水平，为粤西地区菠萝生产中节水节肥和提质增效提供依据。研究以金菠萝‘MD-2’为材料，设置无灌溉常规施肥（常规），2个补灌W（–15～–35 kPa）和W（–35～–55 kPa）与3个肥料F（100%）、F（75%）和F（50%）梯度处理（FW、FW、FW、FW、FW、FW），以无灌溉无施肥作为对照（CK）。研究菠萝光合面积、光合效率、干物质积累、经济性状、灌溉水生产力及肥料偏生产力对不同处理的响应。结果表明，补充灌溉施肥能够显著提高菠萝株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数和植株干物质含量。水肥限制下，叶片数和叶长的减少是单株叶面积下降的主要因素，而光合面积的减小是干物质量下降的主要因素，菠萝植株生长受限来自于肥料减施和因干旱而导致的肥料利用受限。雨季干旱胁迫解除后叶片实际光化学效率（）能够快速恢复，但营养生长期光合面积显著下降的不可逆转仍然导致果实干物质量和产量显著下降。补充灌溉施肥条件下肥料偏生产力表现为F>F>F，而果实田间产量和田间糖锤度均表现为F<F≈F，因此确定F是最佳施肥水平;在F施肥水平下，水分生产力表现为W>W，但果实增产率和田间糖锤度在W和W之间差异不显著。因此，采用FW补充灌溉施肥方式可为菠萝生产中节水节肥和提质增效提供支撑。

关键词：补充灌溉施肥;菠萝;生长;产量;水肥生产力中图分类号：S668.3      文献标识码：A

Effect of Supplementary Fertigation on Pineapple Growth， Yield and Fertigation Production

AN DongshengLIU YananYAN ChengmingZHAO BaoshanLIU YangLI HaoruDOU Meian

1. Zhanjing Experimental Station， Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences， Zhanjiang， Guangdong 524013， China; 2. South Subtropical Crop Research Institute， Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences， Zhanjiang， Guangdong 524091， China; 3. Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture， Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs， Beijing， 100081， China; 4. Zhanjiang Experimental and Observation Station for National Long-term Agricultural Green Development， Zhanjiang， Guangdong 524091， China; 5. Guangdong Modern Agriculture （Cultivated Land Conservation and Water-saving Agriculture） Industrial Technology Research and Development Center， Zhanjiang， Guangdong 524013， China

Intensified seasonal drought turns into a crucial factor affecting tropic agricultural production only to pest and disease. From the autumn of 2014 to the spring of 2020， continuous days without effective precipitation exceeding 90 days and 120 days occurred in 4 years and 2 years， respectively. CAM-Cycling pathway makes pineapple a strong drought tolerance crop， but drought stress still restricts the growth and yield of pineapple even if it can live on. Heavy fertilization at the early growth stage without irrigation adopts in the production of pineapple due to the benefit limitation， which results in the decrease of yield and quality， low fertilizer utilization efficiency and farmland pollution. A major objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the supplementary fertigation on pineapple ‘MD-2’ at field condition. Two irrigation levels including W （–15～–35 kPa）， W （–35～–55 kPa） and three fertilize levels including F（100%）， F （75%）， F（50%） were conducted as FW， FW， FW， FW， FW， FWand traditional fertilizer without irrigation to explore the effect on photosynthetic area， PSII quantum use efficiency （）， dry matter production， economic characters and fertigation production， taking non-fertigation as the contrast. The results showed that supplementary fertigation significantly improved the plant height， leaf length， leaf width， leaf number and dry matter production of pineapple. The decrease of leaf number and leaf length was the main factor that reduced the single plant leaf area under fertigation and photosynthetic area reduction resulted in the decrease of dry matter production. The significant difference of single plant leaf area and the aerial part dry matter production represented among the fertilizer levels rather than irrigation levels， confirmed that the adverse effects of pineapple growth under fertigation originated from the fertilizer reduction and limitation of fertilizer usage in drought. The PSII quantum use efficiency （） of pineapple D-leaf without irrigation remained relatively high， which declined only 15% compared with irrigation treatment. Then it recovered after drought stress relieved in rainy season accompanied the reverse of the yellow leaf back to green. This phenomenon inferred that pineapple is insensitive to non-severe drought， the drought damage to pineapple leaf originate from the photoinhibition and photoreaction center regeneration might be the crucial assistance of the recovery. But the irreversible reduction of photosynthetic area determined the decrease of fruit dry matter production and yield at harvest. Partial factor productivity showed F>F>F while the yield and Brix showed F<F≈F， which made F the best fertilizer level. Irrigation water productivity represented W>W， between which no significant difference in yield and Brix was shown under F. Therefore， FW is the appropriate supplementary fertigation pattern for pineapple production. In summary， pineapple is insensitive to non serve drought stress， maintaining the 20 cm depth soil water potential above –60 kPa guarantees the water requirement of pineapple， meanwhile， saves 25% of fertilizer consumption.

supplementary fertigation; pineapple; growth; yield; fertigation productivity

10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.06.009

菠萝[（L.） Merr.]收获面积占全球热带水果的35%。中国菠萝的收获面积和总产量分别居世界第四和第九位，单产比世界平均水平低2.6%，仅达到巴西的55.2%和印度尼西亚的18.3%。……