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甘肃省博物馆藏唐代“蓝地翼马纹锦”的保护修复

2022-02-14王菊李林杉

丝绸 2022年1期
关键词:病害

王菊 李林杉

摘要: 甘肃省博物馆藏唐代“蓝地翼马纹锦”,因存在污染、糟朽等病害,急需保护修复。文章采用测色仪、X荧光能谱仪、显微镜等专业仪器对该织物进行无损检测,并依据检测结果制定了科学的保护修复路线,继而尝试采用支撑法、针线缝合法,选用风格相近的现代真丝面料进行背衬加固;同时还注重纺织品文物相关背景信息的收集整理,进一步对其价值认知、纹饰复原、修复技术难点等问题进行分析。修复后的织锦纹理更加明晰,丝线平顺稳固,整体色泽协调,牢固度提高,且观展效果增强。

关键词: 唐代纬锦;翼马纹饰;价值认知;病害;检测分析;保护修复

中图分类号: TS145;K875.2    文献标志码: A    文章编号: 1001-7003(2022)01-0088-07

引用页码: 011113DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2022.01.013

甘肃省博物馆馆藏唐代“蓝地翼马纹锦”为国家三级文物,该锦基本呈长方形,两条长边都存在明显的折叠和缝线痕迹,边缘最长处55.5 cm,宽24.2 cm,两条短边处残缺严重。正面锦作蓝地,以黄、白色丝线显花;两匹较完整的翼马像作昂首行走状,一匹左行,一匹右行,造型十分平稳,加之右下角残存的少许纹饰(右行的马脸、翅膀局部及冠饰小花)推断,整幅锦上的主要纹饰应由一排排相向而行的翼马构成,反面有较长的纬浮(图1)。由于该织物存在残缺、污染、糟朽等严重病害,且库房保存环境及方式未达到纺织品文物保存要求,致其继续劣化,因此对此织锦进行了抢救性的保护修复。修复中,使用原位无损信息提取技术,对文物进行全方位信息采集,并依据数据分析结果和病害现状评估等制定了科学的保护修复方案;同时,注重该文物相关历史背景信息的收集整理,对其价值认知、纹饰、织造工艺、材质、污染病害及修复难点等问题进行了研究。

1 价值认知

1.1 装饰纹样典型

该锦两条短边处残损严重,目前尚缺乏其他信息,以致不能辨识其原有形制,也不能断定它的原始用途及织造产地等,所幸两匹翼马纹饰的保留部分可以互补。据此利用计算机绘图技术复原出了完整的翼马纹样(图2),为后期继续研究织锦的来源等问题提供有力佐证。

该锦保存较完整的翼马,身生双翼,在胸前呈开张状,翅膀下有卷云纹托起,翅膀前侧先作龟背形,中间饰有一条联珠带,后侧主要装饰成羽毛状,尾部卷曲;马具完备,装饰丰富;翼马头顶有花样冠饰,项戴联珠纹项圈,并系飘带,呈水平状向后飘扬;马腿及尾部亦用绸带系缚作为装饰,这也是丝绸之路上马的常见装饰,翼马前腿跃起,后腿着地,或作行走状。从头饰、颈饰、翅膀等信息研究分析,该锦上翼马极具7—9世纪波斯、粟特地区翼马造型的特点[1]。

在中国出土的北朝晚期至盛唐的织锦中,常见到翼天马的形象,如中国丝绸博物馆馆藏红地翼马纹锦、青海热水墓地所出低头饮水的黄地翼天马纬锦等(图3),与本文中的翼马一样,体态都比较肥美健硕,与本土“天马”匀称坚韧的形象有出入[2]。其原型是传说中希腊神话中的珀伽索斯(Pegasus),是美杜莎與海神波塞冬所生,曾为柏勒洛丰驯服,但当柏勒洛丰试图骑它上天堂时,却把柏勒洛丰从背上摔了下来,独自飞到宇宙成为飞马座[3]。这种带有翅膀的神兽,渐渐东来,飞过波斯,飞到大唐,与从东向西传播的丝绸一路相遇,成为丝绸之路沿途使用的织锦纹样,也正是东西方文化交流、文明互鉴的一个象征。

1.2 织造技术的实证

从织造技法上看,这件极具异域装饰特点的锦为斜纹纬锦,它通过经纬组织的变化,显示色彩的不同纹样[4]。唐代是丝绸的鼎盛期,而在名目繁多的丝绸品种中,要数锦品格最高,古人对锦的理解要更直接。从锦的汉字结构也能看出,汉字锦属于形声字,由“金”字和“帛”字组合而成。《释名·释采帛》:“锦,金也。作之用功重,其价如金,故惟尊者得服之。”由于锦用料精细考究、工艺繁复、颜色更是章彩绮丽,人们将其比喻成黄金以示其昂贵。初唐时,颜师古注《急就篇》,对锦的解释为“织彩为纹曰锦”。中国最早的织锦为平纹经锦,后为中亚及西方习得,将平纹经锦翻转90°成平纹纬锦,这一技术而后又传入中原,进而才出现了斜纹纬锦。纬锦的出现,在中国的纺织织造史上更具有划时代的意义[5]。本文的这件纬锦背后还存有较长的纬浮,更是为了凸显正面花色而形成的一种技法。

2 病害种类与成因分析

2.1 病害种类

依据中国文物保护行业标准《馆藏纺织品类文物病害分类与图示》[6],本文统计此织锦病害情况主要有5种(表1)。

2.2 病害成因分析

究其病害成因,是由于该锦年代久远,埋藏环境、传承环境、最初使用情况的复杂及材质自身的“弱质”性和不稳定性所致,因而丝蛋白不可避免地发生降解,机械强度随之降低,对后期的修复研究工作带来一定难度[7]。另外,织物上的血渍残留,极易遭受细菌的侵蚀,同时血渍中含有铁质催化剂,使所在部位的纤维加速降解乃至断裂残缺。还因为该锦未曾被清洗过,织物中的钙盐等成分受温湿度等因素的影响,形成结晶体污染物,附着于织物表面或嵌入织物纹理中,加速了织物病害的发生与蔓延[8]。

3 检测分析

3.1 色 彩

为了修复时对该锦的清洗效果、修复效果进行对比评价,以及后期对文物的色彩进行复原研究,本文利用CM-700d便携式色差仪(日本柯尼卡美能达)采集了织锦原始色彩的Lab值,并对织物实施原位无损色彩记录(表2),分析测试方位示意如图4所示。

3.2 组织结构及材质鉴别

为了确定修复面料的材质,本文使用DG-3X便携式数码显微镜(日本SCALAR),对文物进行了显微图像采集,测得该织物经密40 根/cm,纬密30 根/cm,纬线较粗,经线较细,为斜纹纬重组织(图5)。

在观察整体织物外观的基础上,对该织物的纵向纤维形貌进行观察,发现纤维呈单根均匀光滑的长丝,直径在10 μm左右,符合桑蚕丝的特点,可判断其品种为丝(图6)。

3.3 污染物

采用XL3t950-HE荧光能谱仪(Thermo Fisher NITON)对固体白色污染物成分进行定性分析。检测结果显示,此锦污染物成分主要为铜锈、铁锈、钙盐等(图7)。

3.4 染 料

该锦有较明显的脱色晕色现象,通过微型光纤光谱技术对其进行了染料检测,分析结果显示:织锦中的黄色和蓝色分别来自黄檗和靛青(图8),黄檗的特征吸收峰在242~281 nm,靛青的特征峰在614~646 nm,都属于纯植物染料。

4 保护修复

4.1 设计技术路线

针对平面类纺织品的加固,可采用传统的“夹持法”,即用有机玻璃等材料把文物夹持后,周边装框或用胶带封护即可,其弊端较明显[9]。由显微镜观察到该锦虽然部分丝线糟朽嚴重,但因织锦整体较厚,柔软度尚好,基本还没有酥脆、碳化、掉渣等现象,经局部实验,其牢固度尚可承受针线的穿缝力度。因此,本文尝试选用背衬支撑法和针线缝合法进行加固修复。修复主要技术路线:脱色实验→表面清洁→初次平整→背衬染色平整→平整固定织物与背衬→缝合加固→制作展托展示保存。

4.2 修复主要步骤及难点处理

1) 温湿度调控。为保证文物在修复过程中与后期保存环境的一致性,在修复一开始就要对修复室内温湿度进行调控。一般情况下,温度应控制在15~25 ℃,湿度在45%~65%的条件下即可[10]。在修复室利用空调设备调控温度,用加湿器在局部空间持续加湿,人为调控湿度。

2) 表面清洁。对于古代织物的洗清,应有一个效果的界定,因其都是一定历史时期的产物,因此清洗以达到去除污物利于收藏保护为目的,没有必要将其表面污斑清除得十分干净而采用一些具有氧化性与腐蚀性的试剂或药品[11]。该织物表面及纤维当中有大面积结晶颗粒,经前期检测,这些污染物部分能溶于水,但因脱色又不宜水洗,只能先用软毛刷轻轻剥离、扫除;嵌入到织物纹理当中的颗粒,使用圆润光滑的特制竹签按压挤碎,再蘸取颗粒粉末。按此物理方法处理后,污染物已基本清理干净,个别嵌入到纤维中的晶体印迹和血渍污斑残留,仅通过氮气消毒杀菌,不再过多地干预。

3) 平整织物。该锦在长期的传承过程中,因叠压、糟朽等因素造成了难以抚平的褶皱,经纬线稀松变形,图案纹路错位,背面纬浮散乱、丝线团绕,加之纹饰中的浅色平行线条又多,若平整不到位,会格外显眼,且使翼马纹样走形等。因此,平整工序是此锦修复成败的关键。需先把反面黏连在一起的丝线理顺,用磁块压平基本定型后再平正面,必要时可用雾化超纯水对纺织品轻微回潮、展平褶皱;调整错位的图案纹路,做到经平纬直后压放磁块定型,约1 h后移去磁块。如仍未展平,在确保文物强度的前提下,继续重复上述步骤。

4) 背衬织物染色。背衬织物的染色是本次修复的最大难点,既要考虑文物的整体纹饰、质地、色泽,更要考虑其局部的褪色、晕色;不但要兼顾背衬裸露在外的部分与周边文物色泽的协调性,还要尽量与文物所呈现的沧桑感与陈旧感达到一致[12]。因此,本文选用与文物组织结构相近的现代纯色面料斜纹真丝作为背衬织物,考虑到织锦的蓝地因脱色不均,一边呈现深蓝,中间部位的蓝色较浅且稍微泛绿,浅黄色的翼马纹所占面积又很大,从整体视觉艺术审美角度出发,便基本以文物中间部位较浅且带绿的蓝地颜色为基准色;先对背衬小样进行染色(表3),待试染成功后,再同比例扩大染液成分,对背衬面料染色,并根据文物基本形制把背衬剪裁成长方形(各边大于文物15~20 cm),平整后用磁块四周固定在修复台上待用。

5) 缝合加固。待把文物放到平整好的背衬上后,调整文物的图案、丝线等,并用密集的磁块固定、定位,以免纹路错位。要按一定顺序逐一进行缝合,注意缝线拉力的均衡,以防边线部分翘起、打皱、局部歪斜走形、文物空白部分的背衬起泡等。待残缺和周边部位用铺针法缝合后,再用订针或行针法稀疏地加以整体固定。

6) 展存方式。考虑到此锦面积小,便用无酸纸板剪裁成长方形展板(长和宽大于文物实际长宽1 cm),然后把展板放置于文物背面,将多余背衬反包过去,待周边粘贴固定后,再用缝线在背面拉紧加固(图9)。这样,修复后的文物既可直接展示,也便于存放,有效减少了后期人为因素被迫扰动文物的频率。后期还需使用溴甲烷、环氧甲烷等定期对织物杀菌,维持其环境的相对稳定性[13]。

5 结 语

此次修复采用纯物理的背衬支撑法和针线缝合法,在保持文物原真性基础上,有效提高了文物的整体牢固度;大部分都施以稀疏的订针或行针法,最大限度地减少了修复过程对文物的二次伤害;理顺平整了稀松变形的纹路,使翼马纹饰更加清晰地呈现出来,研究并复原了翼马纹样,使附着在织锦上的历史信息最大限度地得到保护和保存;清除污染物,有效抑制了病害蔓延,延长了文物寿命,增强了观展效果;把文物与展托固定,实现了展存形式的统一。修复实践经验与成果对馆藏平面类纺织品的保护修复极具借鉴意义。

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Abstract: The Tang Dynasty was the most glorious and prosperous period for the development of Chinese silk industry. Considered to have the highest grade among numerous verities of silk fabrics, brocade took on different colors through the changes of warp and weft fabric structure and had epoch-making significance in the history of China’s textile and weaving industry. The blue brocade with winged horse patterns preserved in Gansu Provincial Museum belongs to the twill weft brocade. Its front side with blue background upon which yellow and white silk-thread-weaving design can be seen, has relatively long weft float on the back side, which is a kind of technique to highlight the front-side color. This piece of brocade is seriously damaged, so its original shape and structure, use, weaving method and place of origin cannot be determined at the moment. Only the remaining parts of the double-winged-horse pattern can be complemented to each other, so we tried to restore the original complete winged horse pattern by using computer graphics technology in order to provide powerful evidences for subsequent research on the source and manufacturing place of brocade. We also studied and analyzed the ornaments at its head, its neck and its wings of two winged horses, as well as the weaving technology of the whole piece, which shares some common characteristics with those winged horse patterns of the 7th to 9th century in Persia and Sogdiana Region. It is one of the typically and popularly used brocade pattern along the ancient Silk Road, as well as a symbol of the cultural exchange and mutual learning between the East and the West in the Tang Dynasty. However, due to burial, inheritance, and other complex environmental factors, in addition to the "weakness" and instability of the brocade material, the blood stain remained on the fabric and calcium salt under the influence of temperature and humidity, the brocade faces many diseases such as contamination, deterioration, damage, fold, iridescence, decoloration, etc. Moreover, the warehouse environment and preservation methods cannot meet the requirements of textile cultural relics, continuously worsening its diseases. It is in urgent need of conservation and restoration.

In the repair, nondestructive testing was performed on the color, fabric structure, material, contaminant, and dye using professional instruments including colorimeter, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, microscope, etc. A scientific route for conservation and restoration was developed according to the corresponding nondestructive testing results. After cleaning and leveling the surface, we tried to reinforce the back lining of this piece of brocade after dyeing with one piece of modern silk fabric of similar style by supporting and sewing with needle and thread. After restoration, this piece of brocade showed a clearer texture, silk thread looked more smooth and stable, the overall color looked harmoniously, the firmness of this piece of brocade was improved, the exhibiting effect of this piece of brocade was enhanced, and contaminant attached to the brocade was removed, effectively inhibiting the spread of the diseases on this piece of brocade, prolonging the lifetime of this piece of brocade, and maximally protecting and preserving related historical information in this piece of cultural relics.

Through literature reviewing and careful observation of information relating to this piece of brocade, the relevant background information on this piece of brocade was collected and sorted out, and its value cognition, restoration of pattern ornamentation and technical difficulties in restoration were further analyzed. On the other hand, for the need of follow-up exhibition, the restored brocade was fixed on the acid-free paper for the convenience of being stored in the packing box or being directly exhibited in the showcase, achieving a unification in the exhibition and storage form, effectively reducing the secondary damage caused by artificial disturbance of this piece of cultural relics. We fully followed the principle of "reversibility, minimum intervention and identifiability" in the process of cultural heritage conservation and restoration, without using any chemicals. The practical experience and results of restoration are of great significance for the conservation and restoration of the same kind of textile.

Key words: weft brocade in the Tang Dynasty; winged horse pattern; value cognition; disease; detection and analysis; conservation and restoration

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