刘元章 李文贤 康晓军 王树芳 刘久荣

摘 要：北京城历史悠久，辽代以后的城址位置变迁已基本考據清晰，而对于辽代以前的情况尚存在较多的模糊之处，当前一般认为是起源于广安门一带。重点对辽代以前的三期北京城（前期蓟城、后期蓟城、唐幽州）的城墙位置及变迁时间分别进行了一定的考证。首先对本区的历史自然地理条件进行了一定的分析，据此作为探讨北京城市发展变迁规律的基础。根据地铁施工的地层资料，发现了疑似“蓟丘”，结合古文献分析认为本区最早出现的城市——前期蓟城应位于莲花池湖区域，推测后来由于莲花池的出现，大致于公元227—294年之间迁到广安门一带的后期蓟城。分析认为后期蓟城与唐幽州并非以往所认为的前后一致，而是有过扩城。根据前人研究成果及墓志铭中相关的方位记载，对后期蓟城与唐幽州的城墙位置分别进行了推定，对城墙方位发生改变的时间进行了界定，初步得出约在公元752年，时任幽州节度使安禄山进行了一次扩城。

关键词：北京城;前期蓟城;后期蓟城;唐幽州;墓志铭

Abstract： Beijing City has a long history. The location of the city after the Liao Dynasty has been basically clear. However， there are still many controversies about its sites before the Liao Dynasty. At present， it is generally believed that it originated from Guanganmen area. This paper focuses on the location and change time of the city walls of the three periods of Beijing before the Tang Dynasty （Jicheng City of the early stage， Jicheng City of the later stage and Youzhou City of the Tang Dynasty）. First of all， the historical natural geographical conditions of this area are analyzed， as the basis for the discussion of the urban development pattern in Beijing. Based on the stratigraphic data of subway construction， a suspected Jiqiu hillock was found. Combined with the analysis of the ancient literature， it is considered that Jicheng， the earliest city in this region， should be located in the Lianhuachi Lake area. Due to the appearance of the Lianhuachi Lake， it is speculated that the city moved to Guanganmen area in about 227-294 A.D. The analysis shows that Jicheng and Youzhou of the Tang Dynasty were not consistent in location as believed in the past， but were expanded. According to previous research results and the related location records in the epitaphs， the respectively positions of the city walls of Jicheng and Youzhou in the late Tang Dynasty are inferred and the time of the orientation changes of the wall is defined. It is concluded that in about 752 A.D.， the city was expanded by then chief executive An Lushan.

Keywords： Beijing City; Jicheng City of the early stage; Jicheng City of the later stage; Youzhou City of the Tang Dynasty; epitaph

首都北京城历史悠久，因地理位置优越很早就有人类在此生活并建城。据相关记载，最早在此出现的城市是西周初的蓟城，其后依次发展有后期蓟城（晋蓟城）、唐幽州、辽南京、金中都、元大都，以及明清北京城。到辽南京时，城墙的位置范围已是记载较多、考证明确了。而对辽代以前的古城状况多有争议之处，本文结合墓志铭及地层资料，尝试重点从地学的角度对各辽代以前各阶段的古城墙位置及变迁时间进行一定的考证分析。……