Sangeeta Rani Tripathy,Jyotirmayee Dash,Sarita Das*

1Microbiology Laboratory,Department of Botany,Berhampur University,Bhanja Bihar,Berhampur 760007,Odisha,India.

Abstract Objective:This manuscript is inspired by the usage of traditional medicines i.e.,Ethnomedicines.It aims to collect the available data on Odisha’s native medicinal flora to provide a relatively updated, comprehensive, and categorized idea on ethnomedicinal species with their therapeutic usage.This survey reveals about 264 medicinal plant species frequently used by different non-tribal and tribal communities of the study area in the prevention and treatment of 11 different urogenital disorders or related issues. Methods: The data from different published research and review articles confined to ethnomedicinal plants in different scientific databases like Google,ScienceDirect, Pubmed, etc were captured by specific keywords. Results: The relevant information regarding correct taxonomic identification with family, common locally assigned names, plant parts that are in use with the correct mode of administration concerning different health ailments about the urogenital system has been analyzed in this review. Conclusion: This paper presents a compilation of commonly used plant parts administered in different parts of Odisha, to treat various urogenital issues.This could provide great potential for the discovery of more potent bioactive compounds, which are produced as the secondary metabolites by the medicinal flora.Hence further phytochemical screening, antimicrobial studies on these plant parts need to be conducted to explore their potential as important medicinal plant species.

Key words:Ethnomedicinal survey,Medicinal flora,Urogenital disorders,Odisha state

Background

Ethnomedicine is a branch of modern science dealing with ancient herbalism used by indigenous people to treat various health ailments.Traditional medicine is the union of all knowledge and practices used by individuals in diagnosis,prevention,and elimination of physical, mental, or social imbalance [1].These exclusively rely on practical experience and observations passed on by individuals from generation to generation.These medicinal plants are contributing a lot to the health care system of local communities of both underdeveloped and developing countries [2].A great need for proper documentation of this knowledge is needed to preserve the endangered tribal knowledge of therapies before it has lost completely [3].Further scientific backing is required to deduce efficacies of phytomedicines to synthesize effective and cheaper drugs with high therapeutic potentials to meet the market demands.

India is one of the twelve-mega biodiversity countries of the world and possesses rich medicinal vegetation that is used by local inhabitants for their primary health care.Odisha is one of the eastern states of India;the majority of the rural population of Odisha is under the poverty line.Lack of awareness among rural populations, make them suffer from reoccurring urogenital issues.Being cheaper, cost-effective, and safer alternatives to conventional medicines, herbal medicines significantly contribute a lot to the health and livelihoods of the rural inhabitants.Nowadays these herbal treatments are widely accepted among urban populations too to avoid the intensive side effects of synthetic drugs.The natives make use of various medicinal plant parts for therapy.Therefore,large-scale cultivation and propagation of these important medicinal plants are needed to meet market demands and for their sustainable utilization [4].Insufficient therapeutic information led us to start the documentation of the medicinal flora, which are used traditionally by the local inhabitants of different districts and forest regions of Odisha.This paper is an attempt to enlist the useful ethnomedicinal flora of Odisha state and the uses of various plant parts along with their mode of administration against certain urogenital issues in both males and females.

Materials and methods

The geographical position of study area

Odisha is one of the eastern states of the Indian peninsula, which shares its boundaries with Jharkhand in its north, West Bengal in its northeast border,Chattisgarh on its west, and Andhra Pradesh in the south, which is presented in Figure 1.The geographical boundary of the state is spread over an area of 155,707 km2, which is about 4.87%of the total area of India.Odisha state consists of 30 districts, 314 blocks.It has a shoreline of about 480 km long.In Figure 2, the geolocation of the places of significance referred to in this paper has been pinned from the google map.

The climate of study area

Odisha has a tropical climate, with extreme climate experiencing high temperature,mild winter,medium to severe rainfall,high humidity.The average temperature reaches around 27.4℃/81.20℉.About 75% to 80% of rainfall is received during June to September with normal rainfall of about 1451.2 mm.

Soil type of study area

Soil types range from fertile alluvial deltaic soils in coastal plains,mixed red and black soils in Central,red and yellow soils with low fertility in Northern Plateau to red,black,and brown forest soils in the Eastern ghat region.

Data collection and tabulation

The literature on ethnomedicines used for different urogenital disorders is collected from different scientific journals and tabulated in Table 1.According to the referred literature, the floristic survey was conducted to collect some plant samples through field studies, which are listed in Table 2 and Table 3.The Phytotherapeutic data is presented in the tabular form detailing the botanical name of plants, the family they belong to, their respective local name, specific plant parts used for therapy, and the mode of drug preparation for administration against various ailments.A total of 264 medicinal plant species of 85 families are documented in Table 1.

Commonly used medicinal plants for urogenital disorders

The number of plants reported from different districts of Odisha, India so far, for various urogenital ailments were compiled in Table 1.Table 2 comprises of the list of plants used frequently or reported maximum times.Their chemical composition along with their use against different disease and clinical trial reports (if any) were also listed in Table 2, which will help in further exploration of these plants to understand the rationale behind their use.

Table 1 List of medicinal flora and its therapeutic usage against urogenital disorders

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 5 Acacia catechu(L.f.)Willd.(Mimosaceae)Khair Stem Heartwood paste taken with water in empty stomach.Gonorrhea Nuapada [17]6 Achyranthus aspera L.(Amaranthaceae)Apamaranga Root Smelling of fresh root.Expedite delivery Khajuripada,Phulbani[18]Whole Plant 30ml of whole plant decoction with 20-30 ml of honey is prepared for internal use.Labour pain issues,Expedite delivery Sundargarh [5]Apamrityu Root Unspecified Expedite delivery Mantriguda valley,Kalahandi[19]Apamara nga Whole plant Plant decoction.d.n.s Oligomenorrhea Coastal sand dunes[8]Twig Juice of tender twig.d.n.s Labour pain issues Koraput [20]Bhadrak [17]Leaf About 20 g of leaf juice is administered orally to the pregnant woman.Expedite delivery Boudh [10]Koenjhar [13]7 Acorus calamus L.(Arecaceae)Bacha Tuber Tubers with water is administered.Labour pain issues Bhadrak [21]8 Adhatoda vasica Nees.(Acanthaceae)Basanga Root Dried root powder(10 g)with 7 black pepper berries given once orally.Expedite delivery Kalinga,Phulbani[22]Paste of root.d.n.s Leucorrhoea Bhadrak [21]9 Adiantum lunulatum L.(Adiantaceae)Raktakhai Root The single root boiled in 500ml of water till it becomes 1/4th and the decoction given.Haematuria Belghar,Phulbani[18]10 Aegle marmelos L.Corr.(Rutaceae)Bela Root,Leaf,Fruits Unspecified Spermatorrhea Angul-Talcher Mining region[23]Bark Bark powder with root juice of Oroxylum indicum and Mangifera indica leaf Labour pain issues Bhadrak [21]Fruit Fruit juice is administered orally d.n.s Urinary troubles Ganjam [24]11 Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.ex Sch(Amaranthaceae)Chharmudi,Sweet apamaranga Root The root is given to women only once d.n.s Oral contraception Wildlife sanctuary of Sunabeda,[25]Leaf Leaves are given in the early morning for 3-4 days Oligomenorrhea Whole Plant Whole plant paste is sniffed at women.Expedite delivery,Leucorrhoea Nuapada [18]Lopong arak,Paunsia Whole plant 10 g of dried plant powder taken along with barley water,thrice a day for 45 days Nephrolithiasis,Urethritis Boudh [10]Root 5g of root paste or 10-15 ml decoction of the whole plant is given twice a day for 10 days.Dysuria Dhenkanal [26]Leaf Leaves with root juice.d.n.s Nephrolithiasis and stones in the urinary bladder

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 12 Aerva sanguinolenta(L)Blume.(Amaranthaceae)Auldhua Root Two parts of fresh roots are collected after sunrise and is mixed with the 1 part of roots of Smilax ovalifolia Roxb.and 1 part of Asparagus racemosus Wild.This is crushed into a paste and consumed twice daily for one week.Leucorrhoea Subarnagiri,Phulbani[26]Idodine,Lal lata,Whole Plant 2-3 spoons of whole plant juice are given to women for 3 days.Leucorrhoea Wildlife sanctuary of Sunabeda,Nuapada[27][17]13 Aeschynomene aspera L.(Fabaceae)Solo Shoot Dried young shoot powder with½teaspoon powdered sugar candy is given.Oligospermia Wetlands of South Odisha[28]14 Agave sisalana Perrine(Agavaceae)Nalimurga Latex Unspecified Spermatorrhoea Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]15 Ageratum conyzoides L.(Asteraceae)Pokasungha, Root From the day of onset of menstruation for the next 7 days,powdered root is taken orally.This is to be repeated for the next 2 cycles.Dysmennorhoea Gadragaon,Chakapada,Phulbani[26]Pokasungha, Leaf A paste of leaves is soaked in water for one week.The extract is administered to the child every Sunday until recovery.Enuresis Pokasungha, Root Unspecified Enuresis Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Gandhari n.s Unspecified Nephrolithiasis Koraput [20]16 Alternanthera sessilis(L.)R.Br.ex DC.(Amaranthaceae)Madaranga Leaf,Plant Unspecified Gonorrhea Kaptipada Forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Leaf Fresh leaf juice with honey is prescribed Leucorrhoea Wetlands of South Odisha[28]17 Aloe vera(L)Burm.f.(Xanthorrhoeacea e)Ghekuanri Leaf Leaf is used d.n.s Expedite delivery Bhadrak [21]Gheekumri Leaf Approx.2 ml of leaf juice is administered once in a day for one week.Leucorrhoea Rayagada [29]18 Alstonia scholaris(L.)R.Br.(Apocynaceae)Rukni Stem bark For the next 3-7 days,every morning patient is administered on 5 mg stem bark powder mixed with cow milk.Gonorrhea Belghar,Phulbani[18]Chhatiana The crushed stem bark of an old tree is boiled in cow’s milk.The patient is supposed to drink it twice a day for the next one month.Gonorrhea Dudsi,Phulbani[26]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 19 Alysicarpus bupleurifolius(L.)DC(Fabaceae)Kapur Whole plant Plant extract is given orally d.n.s Infertility Nuapada [17]20 Amaranthus hypochondrious L.(Amaranthaceae)Kukdakesh bhaji n.s Unspecified Contraception Koraput [20]21 Amaranthus viridis L.(Amaranthaceae)Kosila saaga Plant,Stem Unspecified Leucorrhoea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]22 Amaranthus spinosus L.(Amaranthaceae)Kantasaga Whole plant Paste from the whole plant d.n.s Leucorrhoea Bhadrak [21]Root Root juice d.n.s Menorrhagia 23 Ampelocissus latifolia Planch(Vitaceae)Jungli angur Root Steamed,Paste d.n.s Hydrocele,Kidney disorder Sacred forest of Western Odisha[30]24 Annona reticulata L.(Annonaceae)Ramphala Seed Seed powder d.n.s Unwanted Pregnancy Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]25 Annona squamosal L.(Annonaceae)Neua Root Root bark powder is eaten with water by mother at once at bedtime for one week.Post-natal complaints Singuda,Bhadrak,[22]Atta Seed Unspecified Contraception Koenjhar,Similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]Sitaphala n.s Unspecified Post-natal complaints,infertility in women Orissa state [32]26 Anthocephalous cadamba(Roxb.)Miq(Rubiaceae)Kadamba Stem bark Stem bark is used d.n.s Genital disorders Bhadrak [21]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 27 Areca catechu L.(Arecaceae)Gua n.s The decoction of nuts(15 g)mixed with 5 g of old jaggery is given once daily for 10-20 days.Urinary disorder Dhenkanal [16]28 Arisaema tortuosum(Wall)Schott(Araceae)Dahi Kanda Seed Seeds are boiled in water or roasted and given orally Spermatorrhoea Nuapada [17]29 Argemone mexicana L.(Papaveraceae)Nippania Root 10 g dried root and 21 black peppers are crushed together and given in equal proportion.This dose is administered to the patient once a day for the course of the next 3-4 days Menorrhagia Khajuripada,Phulbani[18]An extract from two parts of root bark and one part of cow ghee is made.This is administered to the patient once in the morning for the next two weeks.Spermatorrhoea Daringbadi,Phulbani[26]Agara Root Unspecified Urinary disorder Koenjhar,similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]Bada-Gokhura n.s.Unspecified Menorrhagia,Spermatorrhoea Orissa state [32]Odosomari Seeds Dried seeds are heated in a container to extract their oil content.This oil is applied locally on genitals for the next 21 to 30 days,2 to 3 times a day.Gonorrhea,Syphilis Kandhamal [33]Root The roots of the plant is thoroughly washed and pounded upon to extract its juice.This juice is boiled along with water till powder form remains.This powder form is molded in form of small tablets.The patient is supposed to have this tablet along with butter for the next 21 days every day in the morning.Gonorrhea Sundi satkeu Root 10g of root crushed properly and taken orally for 10 days.Syphilis Rayagada [29]Ganghauda Whole plant Unspecified Low libido Angul-Talcher Mining region[23]Odosomari Seed,bark,leaf Unspecified Syphilis Kandhamal [34]Kantakusuma Leaf Leaves consumed with Piper nigrum.Leucorrhoea Bhadrak [21]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 30 Argyreia nervosa(Burm.f.)Boj.(Convolvulaceae)Munda-nai Seed Equal parts of the seed and Withiana somnifera(Aswagandha)are mixed with water to form a paste and then taken orally on an empty stomach.Oligospermia Gandhamardan Hill range[35]31 Aristolochia indica L(Aristolochiaceae)Hansapada Root The root powder mixed with honey is consumed.Syphilis Dhenkanal [12]32 Asparagus racemosus Willd.(Liliaceae)Satabari Root Roasted root administered with cow’s milk twice a day.Post-natal complaints Mudulipada,Koraput[36]Iswarajata Dried or fresh root powder with 7 black peppers given twice a day.Spermatorrhoea Raikia,Phulbani[18]Satabari Whole plant Two parts of the extract of the plant,one part of roots of Smilax ovalifolia Roxb&Aerva lanata(L)Juss are mixed with water.This mixture is administered to the patient once in the morning and once in the evening for the next week.Leucorrhoea Jamugurha,Belghar,Phulbani[26]Sibojata Root Root extract and black peppers are powdered together and made into a paste.This paste is applied to the affected area of the patient till he is cured.Hydrocele Bonai Hills,Sundargarh,[37]Satabari Whole plant Unspecified Urinary discharge Rajkakhole,Nediguda,Badruguda,Phulbani[38]Satabari Root Tuberous roots are grounded to extract the juice.This juice is to be taken along with one glass of warm water on an empty stomach.d.n.s Low libido Kandhamal [33]The root is sun-dried and pounded.One teaspoon of the powder is taken along with 250ml of raw cow milk on an empty stomach.This needs to be followed for the next 21 days.Gonorrhea,Impotency,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia Roots are washed and pounded to extract its juice.About one cup of juice is taken along with 250 ml of raw cow milk with one teaspoon of jaggery(or sugar).This is administered to the patient for the next 21 days,two times a day on an empty stomach.Spermatorrhea About 20g of the bar-removed root is consumed with one teaspoon of sugar on an empty stomach.This is administered to the patient for the next 7 days,twice a day.Spermatorrhea Low libido Kedarnari Root,Plant Unspecified Low libido Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref Painasapari Root 2 g of dried root powder is mixed with half a glass of milk and administered once a day after dinner for 15 days.Post-natal complaints Rayagada [29]Kedarnari Root Root paste Gonorrhea,Unwanted pregnancy Similipal,Mayurbhanj,[11]Angul-Talcher mining area[23]Root 50 g of root extract is mixed equal proportion of washed and cut pieces of“gyanasundha”along with 1.5 liters of fresh cow milk.This mixture is heated in low flame till it gets a buttery texture.Post this content is allowed to be cooled down and is divided into 15 equal parts.These parts are to be taken by the patient daily for the next 15 days.During the treatment period,it is advised to abstain from any kind of sexual intercourse and be on a non-acidic vegetarian diet.Urinary disorder Sarapalli,Bandhugaon,Koraput[39]Root Tuberous root powder(5 g)mixed with 10 g of sugar candy is given to the patient once a day for one month.Haematuria and related urinary disorders Dhenkanal [23]Whole plant Unspecified Protects pregnancy Kandhamal [34]Root Root paste Expedite delivery Bhadrak [21]Whole plant Administered orally in the form of decoction and powder.Miscarriage Ganjam [40]33 Astercantha longifolia Nees(Acanthaceae)Koilakha n.s Unspecified Nephrolithiasis Orissa state [32]34 Azadirachta indica A.Juss.(Meliaceae)Nimba Seed Few drops of Neem seed oil are applied to genitals before sexual intercourse.Contraception Kalahandi [41]Leaf Unspecified Gonorrhea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Whole Plant Unspecified Infertility in women Rajakakhola,Nediguda,Badruguda,Phulbani[38]Stem bark Stem bark powder covered with a thin clean cloth is put inside the vagina for at least 3 days.Post-natal complaints Rayagada [29]Bark,Leaf Bark and leaf paste.Spermicide and contraception of a woman Mohana,Gajapati[3]35 Barleria prionitis L.(Acanthaceae)Daskeranta Root Crushed root extract is taken orally twice daily for a week.Leucorrhoea Sulugaon,Arnigarh,Phulbani[26]Kanta Leaf 5 g of fresh leaf paste with a small amount of honey taken for 3 days.Labour pain issues Rayagada [29]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 42 Bombax ceiba L(Bombacaceae)Semul/Balsimili Root,Whole Plant An equal proportion of Tuberous roots,young plant and those of Bhukakkharu(Pureria tuberosa DC),and Satavari(Asperagus racemosus Willd)are given along with 20ml of cow milk.Spermatorrhoea Junadihi,Sundargarh[42]Root Bread is made from the powder of root tuber,fried in cow ghee given as a diet Low libido Harishankar,Bolangir Flower Equal proportions of rare white flowers,Madar(Calotropis gigantea(L.)R.Br,turmeric plant flowers,and roots of Abrus precatorius L.are pounded together.10 g of this mixture is given thrice a day for the next three days.Infertility in women Simuli Seeds An equal proportion of seed gum and dried mango seeds are pounded and made into 5 g tablets.For the next 5 days,two tablets are given twice daily to the patient.Dysmenorrhoea Raikia,Phulbani[18]Khirang Root 6 g of powdered root is mixed with a pulse(Phaseolus sp.)This is administered to the patient at bedtime along with cow milk.Spermatorrhoea Mudulipada,Koraput[37]Simili Bark The stem bark is pounded and juice is extracted from the same.One teaspoon of this juice is mixed with fresh root juice of Asparagus racemosus Willd.This is pounded with 7 black peppers(dried seed of Piper nigrum L.,Piperaceae),and one teaspoon of jaggery(or sugar).This is administered to the patient for the next 21 days,two times a day.Gonorrhea,Impotency,Spermatorrhea,Sterility,Leucorrhoea Kandhamal [33]Simili n.s Unspecified Menstrual disorder Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Root Fresh root juice is administered with sugar candy on an empty stomach.Infertility in women Coastal districts of Odisha[10]Koenjhar [13]Bark 40ml of decoction of the bark.Sexual incompatibility Mayurbhanj [25]Roots 7 g of root paste is taken orally in an empty stomach for one month.Leucorrhoea Rayagada [29]Fruit 5 g fruit paste is given along with decoction of 50 g of Kullattha(Dolichous biflorus)This is administered to a patient to have daily early morning on an empty stomach.Nephrolithiasis,Kidney Problem(ulcer)Angul-Talcher mining region[23]Dhenkanal [16]Bark Stem bark powder is administered with water.Labour pain issues,Expedite delivery Bhadrak [21]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 43 Borassus flabellifer L.(Palmae)Tala Root Unspecified Diuresis Coastal sand dunes[8]Flower For 7 days half a cup of inflorescence juice is given once a day on an empty stomach.Syphilis Dhenkanal [12]Inflore scence Root Paste of male inflorescence with black pepper powder(Piper nigrum)is taken.Root paste is administered.Contraception Menorrhagia Bhadrak [21]44 Bryonopsis laciniosa Auct.Non(L.)(Cucurbitaceae)Sibalingi Fruit Crushed fruit mixed with gram seed and is used.Syphilis Dhenkanal [12]Seeds Seeds are taken.d.n.s Infertility in women 45 Buchanania lanzan Spreng.(Anacardiaceae)Chara Root,fruits Unspecified Spermatorrhea Angul-Talcher mining region[23]46 Butea monosperma Lam.(Fabaceae)Palasa Seed 2 g of seed ash with cold water should be taken by the patient post menstruation,for the next three days,once a day.Contraception Jhareikela,Sundargarh[5]Seed Intake of seed extract with an equal proportion of flower extract of Mahula(Madhuka longifolia)to be taken once in the morning and later in the evening on an empty stomach.Unwanted pregnancy Harishankar,Nandupala,Gandhamardan hill range[35]Leaf Unspecified Difficulty in Conception Kalahandi [41]Bark 50-100 ml of bark quoth is consumed.Dysmenorrhoea Mayurbhanj [25]Stem bark 10-15 g of stem bark juice is administered with a pinch of pepper powder with cow milk,once in a month.Nephrolithiasis Boudh [10]Stem bark The stem bark is tied in the right hand after taking bath on the first day of menstruation.Menarch Rayagada [29]Bark Decoction of bark.Leucorrhoea,Amenorrhoea,dysmenorrhoea,and menstrual disorders Bhadrak [21]47 Butea superba Roxb.(Fabaceae)Lahapalash Seed Seed powder.d.n.s Contraception Sacred forest of Western Odisha[30]48 Caesalpinia bonduc(L.)Roxb.(Caesalpiniaceae)Gilo Leaf Leaf paste is applied on swollen testicles.Hydrocele Coastal sand dunes[8]49 Calotropis gigantea R.Br.(Asclepiadaceae))Arakha Root Unspecified.Unwanted pregnancy Baliguda,Phulbani[43]Leaf 2-3 gently warmed leaf with(Ricinus communis)castor oil is bandaged around testicles every day.Hydrocele Boudh, [10]Dhenkanal [12]Arka Root&Latex Unspecified Contraception Koenjhar,Similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]Root Unspecified Unwanted Pregnancy Baliguda,Phulbani[43]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 50 Calotropis procera(Ait.)R.Br.(Asclepiadaceae)Arakha Root Unspecified Unwanted Pregnancy Baliguda,Phulbani[43]51 Careya arborea Roxb.(Lecyithidaceae)Kumbhi n.s Unspecified Post-natal complaints,Hydrocele Orissa state [32]Kumbo Stem,bark 2 teaspoonfuls of decoction of stem bark at bedtime is taken for one week.Post-natal complaints Bonai,Sundargarh[36]52 Carica papaya Linn.(Caricaceae)Amrutabhanda n.s Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Orissa state [32]Flower,latex,seeds Infertility in women Koenjhar,Similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]53 Canscora decussata(Roxb.)Schult&aphul Schult(Gentianaceae)Sankhaphul Root,Seeds 8-10 g root ground with 5-6 white seeds of Abrus precatorius.This mixture is to be taken on an empty stomach once a day for the next 5-7 days during her menstruation period.Contraception Orampara&Hemgir,Sundargarh[5]Whole Plant 20 ml of whole plant juice given once daily for 7 days at bedtime either with honey or jaggery.Leucorrhoea 54 Caryota urens L.(Arecaceae)Salapa Root Unspecified To get relieved from the effect caused due to intake of salapa in case of the pregnant women Semiliguda,Koraput[44]Whole plant Fermented sap is consumed.d.n.s Urinary disorder Mohana,Gajapati[3]55 Cassia fistula L.(Caesalpiniaceae)Sunari,Pundula Leaf The paste is made from the young leaves.This paste is supposed to be kept inside the vagina of the women once a day for one week.Amenorrhoea Subarnagiri,Phulbani[26]Sunari,Bahenga n.s Unspecified Amenorrhoea Orissa [32]Whole plant Unspecified Syphilis Angul-Talcher mining region[23]Bark The paste of the bark is taken orally.Unwanted pregnancy Raikia,Phulbani[43]56 Cassia occidentalis L(Caesalpiniaceae)Kasundiri Whole plant Unspecified Diuresis Coastal sand dunes[8]57 Cassia tora L.(Caesalpiniaceae)Chakunda Seed Equal quantified of seed and turmeric paste applied as a poultice.Gonorrhea Bilamala,Phulbani [18]58 Catharanthus roseus(L.)G.Don.(Apocyanaceae)Sadabihari Leaf Leaf juice is consumed with honey.Leucorrhoea,menorrhagia Bhadrak [21]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 59 Celastrus paniculatus Willd.(Celastraceae)Peng,Pingkanda Root A paste is made from 5 cm long root and seven black peppers along with washed rice water.This paste is given to the patient twice daily.Leucorrhoea,Spermatorrhoea Jalmahadev,Sambalpur[42]Pengu Root bark A mixture of 10 g of root bark of the young plant,7 black peppers are powdered and made into a paste with one liter of water.This paste is given to the patient once a day for the next two days.Leucorrhoea Narayanprasad,Bolangir[26]Pengu Unspecified Leucorrhoea,Spermatorrhoea Orissa state [32]60 Centella asiatica(L.)Urban(Apiaceae)Ghoda tapua,Brahmi Leaf Leaf paste is rubbed in the palm and foot of pregnant women.Labour pain issues,Expedite delivery Baghabudi,Sundargarh[5]Thalkudi Whole plant Unspecified Contraception Mohana,Gajapati[3]Leaf Unspecified Dysuria Kantapada block,Cuttack[15]Leaf Leaf juice with water.Oligomenorrhea Bhadrak [21]61 Chlophytum arundinaceum Baker.(Liliaceae)Banadhua,Dheunga Root The root is crushed in the rice-washed water and the extract is taken twice daily for 2 days.Dysmenorrhoea Srirampur,Phulbani,[26]62 Christella semisagitata(Roxb.)(Thelypteridaceae)Raktabidar Root 5 g root powder given twice a day with 100 ml of cow milk.Menorrhagia Sonabera plateau Kalahandi[45]63 Cissampelos pareira Linn.(Menispermaceae)Akanbindi Leaf 5-7 fresh leaves and five black peppers are crushed and are given to the patient thrice a day.Menstrual disorder Bisra,Sundargarh[5]Suannai Leaf 100 g of leaves crushed and the paste is given daily for 8 days.Oligomenorrhea Bisra,Sundargarh[5]Guapad,Akanbindi Root 2 g of root.d.n.s Leucorrhoea Mayurbhanj [25]Dindanim ada Leaf Paste of leaves.d.n.s Contraception Govindapalli,Malkangiri[14]64 Clausena excavate Burm.f.(Rutaceae)Tanla Root 2.5-5 cm long root chewed twice daily for 3 days.Urinary tract infection Rohila,Dhenkanal[46]65 Clitoria ternatea L(Fabaceae)Aparajita n.s Unspecified Gynecological disorders Mayurbhanj [25]Root 1-2 g root powder is mixed with warm milk/water is administered.Nephritis Coastal districts of Odisha[10]Root Root paste with black pepper.d.n.s Leucorrhoea Bhadrak [21]Root 3 g of the root mixed with 5 g of dried ginger and taken orally.Urinary problems Kantapada Block,Cuttack[26]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 66 Coccinia grandis L.(Cucurbitaceae)Kunduri Root Two teaspoons of root powder are boiled with 150 ml of water and are given to the patient three times a day.Urinary disorder Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]67 Coccolus hirsutus(L.Diet)(Menispermaceae)Dahidahika Leaf 3 g of leaves are powdered and are taken by the patient along with the crystalized sugar lump.Spermatorrhoea Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]68 Cocos nucifera L.(Arecaceae)Nadia Roots,Spadix Root and Fresh unripe fruit pulp are consumed.Juice of young fresh spadix is given.Diuresis Coastal sand dunes[8]Fruit Coconut milk is given.Diuresis, Kantapada block,Cuttack[15]Coconut water is taken.Kidney problems 69 Coix aquatic Roxb.(Poaceae)Dangogargara Root A paste is made with root powder,black pepper along with cow urine.The patient is supposed to shape it into a form of tablets and have it.Dysuria,Menstrual disorders Wetlands of South Odisha[28]70 Commelina paludosa Blume(Commelinaceae)Kena Leaf Leaves are pasted with water and taken for 2 days for proper urinary flow.Urinary troubles Nuapada [17]71 Commiphora mukul(Hook.ex Stocks)Engl.(Burseraceae)Guggula Gum 2 g of resinous gum in hot water is given to the patient for 1 month.Urinary tract infections Dhenkanal [16]72 Conyza canadensis(L.)Cronq.(Asteraceae)Root,Bark,Leaf Unspecified Uterine hemorrhage Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]73 Corchorus olitorius L(Tiliaceae)Leaf,Seed,Plant Unspecified Diuresis Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]74 Costus speciosus(J.Koenig)Sm.(Zingiberaceae)Gaigobra Rhizo me Dry rhizome powder is used.Haemorrhagia Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]75 Crataeva nurvala Buch.(Capparidaceae)Baruna Bark 20-30 ml of bark juice with hot water or milk is given thrice for 3-4 days.Unwanted pregnancy Kalahandi [41]76 Crossandra infundibuliformis Linn.(Acanthaceae)Cherpipla Whole plant Whole plant juice of powder is taken next 7 days,three times a day.Genital disorders Kalahandi [41]77 Cryptolepis buchanani Roem&Schult.(Asclepiadaceae)Gopakanu Root The paste is made from the root powder is to be taken orally for the next 2-3 days along with milk.Oligomenorrhea Kalahandi [41]78 Cucumis melo L.(Cucurbitaceae)Kharbhuj Epicarp Unspecified Nephrolithiasis,Urinary tract infection Koenjhar,Similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]79 Cucumis sativus L.(Cucurbitaceae)Kakudi Seeds About 10-15 seeds are grounded along with little rock salt and is prescribed to be taken by the patient twice a day for the next 5 days.Urinary tract infection Dhenkanal [5][16]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 80 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.(Hypoxidaceae)Talamuli Root 2.5 cm long root is chewed thrice daily and is to be continued for the next 21 days(also advisable for the men who pass semen in urine)Low libido Baragaon,Sundargarh[5]Root Unspecified Gonorrhea Rajakakhola,Nediguda&Badriguda[38]Root Roots are washed and pounded to make the paste.About 50 g of this paste is boiled along with 1 litre of water in low flame till 250 ml of decoction remains.The patient is administered 2-3 teaspoons of this decoction along with one teaspoon of honey for the next 25 days,two times a day on an empty stomach.Gonorrhea,STD,Impotency Kandhamal [33]About 10 g of the root is sun-dried is mixed with an equal quantity of dried seeds of Asparagus racemosus Willd.Tribulus terrestris L.(Zygophyllaceae),Hygrophila auriculata(Schum.)Heine,and watery juice of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.(Rhamnaceae).The mixture is pounded.The patient is administered this mixture with an equal quantity of jaggery for the next 30 days,two times daily on an empty stomach.Spermatorrhea,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia,Impotency Roots are washed,sun-dried,and pounded.This powder is to be administered with one glass of warm water on an empty stomach two times a day.Spermatorrhea Impotency Roots are washed,sun-dried,and pounded.This powder is to be administered with one glass of warm cow milk at bedtime.Spermatorrhea,Oligospermia n.s Unspecified Impotency,Gonorrhoea Kalahandi [32][41]Stem Tuber paste with curd is taken administered to the patient for the next 3 days.Oligomenorrhea Kalahandi [41]Root d.n.s Leucorrhoea,Gonorrhea Mayurbhanj [25]Root 5 g of powdered root tubers mixed with cow milk is administered twice a week.Spermatorrhea,Leucorrhoea Boudh [10]Rhizo me Unspecified Urinary tract infection Dhenkanal [16]Root Unspecified Dysuria,Leucorrhoea Kandhamal [34]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 81 Curcuma amada Roxb.(Zingiberaceae)Amba ada Rhizo me 15 g paste of rhizome and 7 black peppers taken in rice washed water twice daily for 7 days.Oligomenorrhea Pathar,Harishankar,Budusamaro Pahad,Bolangir[42]82 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.(Convolvulaceae)Nirmuli Whole Plant An equal proportion of the Whole plant with Centella asiatica(L.)Urban,Vitex peduncularis fruit is pounded with nine black peppers.10 g of the mixture is given to the patient every morning post completion of 5 days of mensuration cycle.Contraception Garjapara ghat,Phulbani[18]Two parts of the whole plant and one part of black pepper are crushed together.An aqueous portion of the mixture is taken daily two times for a week.Spermatorrhoea Daringbadi,Phulbani,[26]Unspecified Orissa state [32]83 Cymbopogon citrates DC Stapf.(Poaceae)Dhantarai,Dhan wantri Whole plant½cup of whole plant juice is given on an empty stomach for few days.Reproductive disorders Kalahandi[41]Roots A spoonful of roots dried in shade and pounded to a fine powder and is given twice a day.Hysteria 84 Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.(Poaceae)Duba ghasa Whole plant About 10–15 g of the whole plant(fresh)along with 100 g of fresh rice is pasted,cooked and a cake is prepared.Daily one cake is taken orally on an empty stomach for 10–15 days.Menstrual complaints,Amenorrhoea,Menorrhagia,Dysmenorrhoea Kandhamal [33]Leaf Two teaspoons of fresh leaf juice along with one teaspoon of jaggery taken orally in an empty stomach every hour for about 12 times.Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia Whole plant Plant decoction is given.Diuresis Coastal sand dunes[8]Leaf A mixture of the whole plant with sugar candy and honey is administered.Dysuria Mohana,Gajapati[3]Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Angul-Talcher mining region[23]A mixture is prepared by pestling 5 Cynodon dactylon L.leaves with seven leaves of Barakoli(Ziziphus mauritiana),seven grains of raw rice,and 250 ml water.This mixture is administered.Diuresis Dhenkanal [16]Whole plant Paste of the whole plant.d.n.s Leucorrhoea Bhadrak [21]Leaf Unspecified Urinary tract infection Malkangiri [47]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 85 Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall.ex Benth(Boraginaceae)Tejraj Root 20 g root eaten once a day for next 7 days.Low libido Harishankar,Bolangir[42]86 Cyperus rotundus L(Cyperaceae)n.s Tuber Unspecified Gonorrhea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]87 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.(Fabaceae)Sissoo Leaf Leave paste is externally applied.Dysuria Mayurbhanj [25]Root,Leaf,bark Unspecified Low libido,Syphilis Angul-Talcher mining region[23]88 Datura metel L.(Solanaceae)Kaldudura Leaf Seven fresh tender leaves are rolled and are kept under female genitals once a day for a month.Amenorrhoea Mandakia,Phulbani[26]Fruit Fruits are dipped in the hot mustard oil and the prepared lotion is applied on testicles.Hernia Nuapada [17]89 Datura stramonium L.(Solanaceae)Dudura Flower A mixture of 120 mg of flower powder with honey is taken twice a day for 10 days after menstruation.Infertility in women Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]90 Dendropthoe falcate(L.f.)Etting(Loranthaceae)Jhajangi,Dendi Whole Plant Crushed extract of the whole plant is given as a drink twice daily for a week.Leucorrhoea Kinipanga,Phulbani[26]91 Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.)Ohashi(Fabaceae)Bandhan Stem bark The crushed stem bark is boiled with water and juice is taken 2 spoon-full daily.Gonorrhea Kapilash,Dhenkanal[39]A paste is made from a mixture of inner bark,with red rosa-sinensis(Mandar),and bark of Butea monosperma(Palasa),and 7 cloves This paste is administered to the mature girls for the next 3 days.Onset of Menarche Nuapada [17]92 Desmostachya bipinnata(L.)Stapf.(Poaceae)Kasuri Root Decoction of 20 g roots with little honey given thrice a day for 3 days.Urinary troubles Dhenkanal [16]93 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb(Dilleniaceae)Rai Bark 25-60 ml of bark decoction is prescribed.Post-natal complaints Mohana,Gajapati[3]94 Dioscorea alata L.(Dioscoreaceae)Khamba Alu Tuber Boiled tubers.Post-natal complaints Bhadrak [21]95 Dioscorea bulbifera Linn.(Dioscoreaceae)Pita kanda Tuber The roasted tuber is taken orally daily for a month.Hydrocele Kalahandi [41]96 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.(Ebenaceae)Kendu Stem bark Two spoonfuls of Stem bark extract with a glass of rice cooked water in the morning for 2 months from the 6th and 7th month of pregnancy.Post-natal complaints Boudh [10]Flower,Bark Unspecified Leucorrhoea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 97 Diospyros peregrina(Gaertn.)Guerke(Ebenaceae)Makar kendu Fruit 10 g fruit pulp made into a paste in goat’s milk given for internal use.Leucorrhoea Harishankar,Bolangir [42]98 Diplocyclos palmatous(Linn.)C.Jeff.(Cucurbitaceae)Sibalinga Seeds The decoction of 10 seeds,the root of such a plant of the same species which hasn’t bear fruits,roots of Devnasan(Croton roxburghii),and 3 seeds of Dhala gunja(White seeded Abrus precatorius)are given once a day for 3 days.Menarche,infertility in women Manbhang,Paikmal,Sambalpur[42]Batipathar,Gandhamardan hill range[35]The seed powder with a spoon of honey is taken twice daily.Difficulty in conception,miscarriage[35]99 Dodonaea viscosa L.(Sapindaceae)Mahada Leaf Leaf decoction is consumed.Uterine colics Dhenkanal [12]100 Dolichos biflorus L.(Fabaceae)n.s Seeds Unspecified Diuresis Dhenkanal [12]101 Drimia indica(Roxb)Jessop(Asparagaceae)Ban Pyaj Corms Corms are consumed.Gonorrhea Nuapada [17]102 Drynaria quercifolia(L.)J Sm.(Polypodiaceae)n.s Shoot Shoot powder is consumed.Low libido Similipal Mayurbhanj[11]103 Echinops echinatus Roxb.(Asteraceae)n.s Inflore scence,Seed,Plant Unspecified Syphilis,Impotency Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]104 Eclipta alba L.(Asteraceae)Bhrungaraj Leaf One-fourth to half a glass of leaves juice is made and taken by the patient twice a day.Urinary tract infections Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]105 Eclipta prostrata(L.)(Asteraceae)Batresh Whole Plant 30 g of the whole plant cooked and eaten.Bumps on genital organs Manbhang,Paikmal,Sambalpur[42]106 Elephantopus scaber Linn.(Asteraceae)Mayurchulia,Mayursikha Root Roots are washed and are pounded.10 g of it is mixed with 21 black peppers(dried seed of Piper nigrum L.)are grounded together.This mixture is to be administered along with the 250 ml of raw cow milk on an empty stomach,two times a day.Spermatorrhea,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia,Menstrual complaints,Menorrhagia,Dysmenorrhoea Kandhamal [33]Root paste with rice washed water in empty stomach for 3-5 days.Oligomenorrhea Kalahandi [41]Root,Leaf,Flower 5-10 g(d.n.s)Urethrorrhoea Mayurbhanj [25]107 Emblica officinalis Gaertn.(Phyllanthaceae)Anla Seed Powder of dry seed taken twice a day for a week.Leucorrhoea Jhirpani,Phulbani,[26]Fruit Unspecified Dysuria Kandhamal [34]Fruit Taken as decoction,juice,or powder of the fruit.Dysuria Ganjam [40]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 108 Enhydra fluctuans Lour.(Asteraceae)Hidmicha Leaf Leaf infusion.d.n.s Gonorrhea Similipal Mayurbhanj[11]109 Entada rheedii Spreng.(Mimosaceae)Gilo Seeds The decoction of seeds and bark mixed with coconut oil is smeared on the scrotum.Hydrocele Harishankar,Gandhamardan hill range[35]110 Erycibe paniculate Roxb.(Convolvulaceae)Koikhamar Bark Decoction of 5 g each of twig and bark along with 5 g bark of Entada rheedii is administered to the patient one time a day for the next 4-5 days.Low libido Jalmahadev,Sambalpur[42]111 Erythrina variegate L.(Fabaceae)Paldhua,Baldia Stem bark Green stem bark is worn tightly with a loincloth(Kopin,Langot)for 1-2 hours by the women Abortion Nuapada [17]112 Eulophia nuda Lindl.(Orchidaceae)Bhrata-batuli,Churiakand Stem One whole tuber ground with 5 black peppers in rice washed water and given twice a day for 7 days Spermatorrhoea,Leucorrhoea,abdominal pain due to Amenorrhoea Budasamaro pahad,Bolangir [42]Tuber along with few black peppers are mixed and made into a paste This paste is given to the patient along with the fresh cow milk daily for the next 2-3 days Spermatorrhoea Harishankar,Pathar,Bolangir 113 Euphorbia hirta L.(Euphorbiaceae)Khirsag Leaf Crushed leaf extract is taken orally with honey once in the morning for a month Leucorrhoea Durgapanga,Phulbani[26]Chitacutae Fresh twig 10-15 g of fresh twigs are mixed with 15-20 g of sugar candy and formed a paste This paste is to be taken by the patient in 6-8 doses,in the morning and evening Gonorrhea Mohana,Gajapati[3]114 Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.ExKlotz(Euphorbiaceae)Khirsagar Leaf Warm leaves placed on the abdomen Dysuria Gopalmadhav,Bhadrak[22]115 Euphorbia tithymaloidesL.(Euphorbiaceae)Sijo Leaf Leaf paste is given in the morning to feeding mothers Increase lactation/Postnat-al complaints Nuapada [17]116 Euphorbia thymifolia L.(Euphorbiaceae)Banaola Whole Plant One teaspoonful of decoction of the whole plant is given with honey twice a day Haematuria Sanabera Plateau,Kalahandi[45]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 117 Feronia limonia L.(Rutaceae)Kaitha Leaf Leave juice is made and 7-14 ml of this juice is taken by the patient two times daily for the next month Nephrolithiasis Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]118 Ficus benghalensis L.(Moraceae)Bara Root Aerial root tip made into a paste;poultice applied locally Syphilis Khajuripada,Phulbani[18]Fruit Fruit of the plant is sun-dried in shade,pounded,and then taken by the patient every morning and evening for the next one week along with honey Spermatorrhoea Bakikamba,Gressingia,Phulbani[26]Latex Latex extract of 25-30 drops is to be taken by the patient along with banana once in the morning for the next month Gonorrhea n.s Unspecified Syphilis,Spermatorrhoea,Gonorrhoea leaf Latex of the leaves is extracted.One teaspoon of the same is mixed along with a teaspoon of sugar(or jaggery)and is administered to the patient for the next 21 days,two times a day.Impotency,Spermatorrhea Kandhamal [33]Bark,fruit,leaf Unspecified Infertility in women,Leucorrhoea,Gonorrhea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Root,bark,Leaf Unspecified n.s Angul-Talcher mining region[23]Prop root The paste is made from the tender prop root tips.20 ml of the juice paste is taken along with goat milk daily for the next 21 days on an empty stomach Spermatorrhoea,Low libido Koenjhar [13]119 Ficus exasperate Vahl(Moraceae)Pakher Fruit Fruits are dried and given with Withiana semnifera(Aswagandha)Enhance lactation/Postnat-al complaints Nuapada [17]120 Ficus glomerata Roxb.(Moraceae)Dimri,Dumer Root Half a cup of root juice is drunk twice daily Gonorrhea Bhadrak [22]Unripe fruits Small pieces of unripe fruits are given in small amounts 3-5 times daily Spermatorrhoea,Low libido Kalahandi [41]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 121 Ficus hispida L.f.(Moraceae)Phanika Root,Fruit,Latex Unspecified Gonorrhea,Impotency Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]122 Ficus religiosa L.(Moraceae)Pipal Bark,Fruit,Leaf Unspecified Infertility in women,Leucorrhoea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]123 Flacourtia ramontchi L.Herit(Flacourtiaceae)Bhuinkanta Stem A one-half glass of warm stem decoction is taken daily Post-natal complaints(to reshape abdomen after delivery)Bonai Hills,Sundargarh,[45]124 Gardenia gummifera L.f.(Rubiaceae)Ghurudu Latex 2-5 g of latex d.n.s Low libido Mayurbhanj [25]125 Gelonium multiflorum A.Juss.(Euphorbiaceae)Anjiray Bark Unspecified Contraception Koraput [7]126 Gemidesmus indicus(L.)R.Br.(Asclepiadaceae)Dudhulibutta Root 50 g powdered root boiled in 500 ml water till it becomes 100 ml,this 100 ml is given every day for 3-4 days Menorrhagia Baliguda,Phulbani,[18]127 Gloriosa superba L.(Colchicaceae)Barishkanda Root&other undergr ound parts Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Rajakakhola,Nediguda&Badruguda,Phulbani[38]Lahalangli n.s Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Mantrigida Valley,Kalahandi[19]Puraful Stem Tuber paste is applied to the abdomen and kept for hours.This act is repeated for few days.Unwanted pregnancy Kalahandi [41]Bark An aliquot of 20-30 ml bark juice is taken daily for 15 days or till the disappearance of the ailment White discharge during Oligomenorrhea Panchaanguli a Rhizo me Rhizome decoction is taken Labour pain issues,the expulsion of the placenta Sunabeda wildlife sanctuary,Nuapada[27]Ognisikha Tuber 1 teaspoonful of tuber extract taken two times a day for the next 5 days Unwanted pregnancy up to 3 months Boudh [10]Panja gulia Root,Seed,Leaves Unspecified Kidney problem Angul-Talcher Mining region[23]128 Glycosmis pentaphylla(Retz.)Correa(Rutaceae)Dubuduba,Tarang,Rachmuni Root Paste of root is given with water 2-3 times daily Post-natal complaints Ladrimi,Ganjam[5]129 Gmelina arborea Roxb.(Verbenaceae)Gambhari,Gamer Bark 20-30ml of bark juice is taken for 15 days White discharge during Oligomenorrhea Kalahandi [41]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 130 Gossypium arboretum Linn.(Malvaceae)Kapa Root bark 1 tablespoon of root bark juice is given in an empty stomach thrice daily for 3-4 days Unwanted pregnancy Kalahandi [41]131 Grangea maderaspatana(L.)Poir(Asteraceae)Panijhari,Agnikumari Whole plant Plant paste with cow milk and sugar candy is given Menstrual disorder Wetlands of South Odisha[28]132 Grewia rothii DC(Malvaceae)Kukurchipa Leaf,Flower Leaf,flower,bud are cooked as a vegetable and given to women after delivery Post-natal complaints Malyagiri,Dhenkanal,[46]Bursu Flower s Dried flowers are pounded with honey and given to the patient Spermatorrhoea in young boys Chakapada,Phulbani[43]133 Grewia hirsute vahl(Malvaceae)Bansula,Kukurgetha,Sonamukhi Root One spoon of root powder is given with honey for 10-15 days Oligospermia Nuapada [17]134 Hedychium coronarium Koeing ex.Retz.(Zingiberaceae)Dhusuli Flower Flowers and black pepper(2:1)paste taken twice a day for a week Dysuria Dhudsi,Belghar,Phulbani[26]135 Hemidesmus indicus(L.)R.Br.(Asclepiadaceae)Anantamula Root,Leaves,Stem Unspecified Low libido Angul-Talcher mining region[23]Sugandhi Root Unspecified Syphilis Kandhamal [34]50g root powder boiled in 500 ml water till it becomes 100 ml.This 100 ml decoction is given once every day for 3-4 days Oligomenorrhea Baliguda,Phulbani[18]136 Heterostemma piperifolium King&Gamble(Asclepiadaceae)Badabhulan Root Root paste(5 g),7 black pepper berries,root(15 g)of‘Devanasan’(Crotonroxburghii Balak)rhizomes(5g)of Bhutanasa(Zingiber capitatumRoxb.)and 2-3seeds of‘KolaKaincha’(Abrus precatorius L.(black seeded)prescribed.Menorrhagia Nrusinghnath,Harishankar Patther,Bolangir,[42]137 Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb.(Malvaceae)Ban Bhindi Root The dry root powder is taken orally once or twice a day for 2-5 days Unwanted pregnancy Kalahandi [41]138 Holarrhena pubescens(Buch.Ham.)Wall.ex G.Don(Apocynaceae)Keruana Bark Bark is consumed with warm water Leucorrhoea Mohana,Gajapati[3]139 Hybanthus enneaspermus(L.)F.v.Muell(Violaceae)Tandisol Root 10 g of roots ground with 3 black peppers(Piper nigrum)and 50 g sugar candy The paste is to be administered to the patient every morning on an empty stomach Dysuria Dhenkanal [16]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 140 Hygrophila auriculata(K.Schum.)Heine(Acanthaceae)Kuilikhia Stem Ash of stem eaten with honey d.n.s Nephrolithiasis/Urinary bladder stone Basantia,Bhadrak[22]Seed Seeds are dried and pounded.10 g of this seed powder is mixed in equal proportion of dried root powder of Asparagus racemosus Willd.,dried seed powder of Mucuna pruriens(L.)DC.,and dried tuber powder of Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq purified in cow milk.The patient is administered the mixture with 250 ml raw cow milk for the next 15 days,once a day on an empty stomach early morning Gonorrhea,Impotency,Spermatorrhea,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia Kandhamal [33]Koilekha Seed Dry seed powder mixed with milk and with/without sugar candy is taken.Impotency Wetlands of South Odisha[28]Leaf Leaf powder Urinary infection Similipal Mayurbhanj[11]Kikdikanta n.s Unspecified Stone of Urinary bladder,Diuresis Koraput [20]141 Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit(Lamiaceae)Ganga tulsi Whole plant Whole plant paste Urinary infection Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]142 Ichnocarpus frutescens(L.)R.Br.(Apocynaceae)Basang, Root, The root is pounded with the root of Satabari(Asparagus racemosus Linn.)Low libido,Erectile dysfunction Katarakia,Phulbani[43]Saon lar Leaf Fresh juice(10 ml)of leaf and fruit along with two black peppers‟(Piper nigrum)seeds is given early in the morning in an empty stomach Dysuria Dhenkanal [16]143 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.(Convolvulaceae)Kalama Leaf Leaf juice with cow ghee is given Gonorrhea Wetlands of South Odisha[28]144 Ipomoea heterifoliaL.(Convolvulaceae)Panialu Tuber Boiled tuber eaten Urinary tract infection Malyagiri,Dhenkanal[46]145 Ipomoea pes-caprae(L.)R.Br.(Convolvulaceae)Kansarilata Leaf,roots Unspecified Gonorrhea Coastal sand dunes[8]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 146 Ipomoea sepiaria Koeng ex.,Roxb.(Convolvulaceae)Muskani Whole plant Whole plant Juice Diuresis Dhenkanal [12]147 Ixora pavetta Andr.(Rubiaceae)Patra Bark Bark decoction Urinary infection Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]148 Jatropha gossypifolia L.(Euphorbiaceae)Baigabo Bark Bark decoction Oligomenorrhea Coastal sand dunes[8]149 Kalanchoe pinnata(Lam.)Pers.(Crassulaceae)Amarpoi Leaf A 40-50ml decoction of leaves is given 2-3 times a day.Urinary bladder stones and related problems Coastal districts of Odisha[49]Hemkedara Leaf The paste is made from one leaf and 2 black peppers(Piper nigrum).This paste is given to the patient two mornings and evening post-meal Nephrolithiasis Dhenkanal [16]150 Lagerstroemia speciosa(L.)Pers.(Lythraceae)Patoli Leaf Leaf paste Gynecological disorders Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]151 Lawsonia inermis L.(Lythraceae)Manjuati Stem Stem decoction is stored overnight in the clay pot and filtrate is taken in the morning as a drink Urinary bladder stones and related problem Coastal districts of Odisha[49]152 Leea macrophylla Roxb.exHorn.(Leeaceae)Jayandi Unspecified Contraception Keonjhar,Similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]153 Licuala peltate Roxb.(Arecaceae)Banotali Stem Pith of basal stem prescribed Low libido Malyagiri,Dhenkanal[46]154 Limnophila rugosa(Roth)Merr.(Scrophulariaceae)Bhringaraj Leaf Leaf paste is given orally with Tulsi leaves Dysuria Wetlands of South Odisha[28]155 Lindernia anagallis(Burm.f.)Pennell(Scrophulariaceae)n.s Whole plant Paste of the whole plant along with black pepper Gonorrhea Wetlands of South Odisha[28]156 Logodium flexuosum(L.)Sw.(Lygodiaceae)Indrajal,Dokeri Root Root(15 g)with 7 black peppers made into a paste and given twice a day for 4 days Dysmenorrhoea Kalinga,Phulbani,[26]157 Madhuca indica Gmel(Sapotaceae)Mahula Flower Root Unspecified Impotency Kandhamal [34]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 158 Magnolia champaca L.(Magnoliaceae)Champa Bark,leaf Decoction of leaf and bark is used Post-natal complaints Kantapada block,Cuttack[15]159 Mallotus philippinensis Muell.Arg.(Euphorbiaceae)Sinduri Fruit Fruit paste Menstrual disorder,Urinary infection Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]160 Mangifera indica L.(Anacardiaceae)Amba Seed 1-2 mango kernels are pounded together with 7 or 21 black peppers(dried seeds of Piper nigrum L.).The patient is administered the mixture along with one glass of raw milk for the next 21 days,two times a day.Dysmenorrhoea,Menorrhagia,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia,Menstrual complaints,Spermatorrhea Kandhamal [33]2 fresh mango kernels are pounded and pasted with an equal proportion of jaggery(or sugar)or root juice of Asparagus racemosus Willd.The patient is administered for the next 21 days,two times a day Impotency,Spermatorrhea Root,bark,Seed Unspecified Syphilis Angul-Talcher mining region[23]Leaf petiole Seven petioles of the leaves are chewed completely followed by drinking 500 ml of well-water.Dysuria Dhenkanal [16]Fruit Fruit paste Menstrual disorder,Urinary infection Malkangiri [47]161 Marsilea quadrifolia L.(Marsileaceae)Sunsunia Leaf Leaf juice with Asparagus racemosus and sugar candy powder OR Leaf juice can be taken along with ginger juice Oligospermia Wetlands of South Odisha[28]162 Martynia annua L(Martyniaceae)n.s Fruit,Bark Unspecified Gonorrhea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]163 Mesua ferrae L.(Clusiaceae)Nageswara Stem Stem crushed in water and the extract taken twice a day for one week Leucorrhoea Deulatota,Gadapur,Phulbani[26]Flower and oil Unspecified Low libido Saptasajya,Dhenkanal[39]Flower Unspecified Leucorrhoea,Menorrhagia Kandhamal [34]164 Michelia champaca L.(Magnoliaceae)Champa Bark Dried stem bark with water Oligomenorrhea Bhadrak [21]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 165 Mimosa pudica L(Mimosaceae)Lajakuli Leaf Leaf juice drunk after meals Dysuria Gopalmadhav,Bhadrak[22]Root Unspecified Urinary tract infection Rajikakhola,Nediguda,Badruguda,Phulbani[38]Leaf Two teaspoons of fresh leaf juice along with one teaspoon of processed sugar taken orally in empty stomach in the morning for 15 days Impotency,Spermatorrhea Kandhamal [33]Root Root paste is applied overnight Hydrocele Nuapada [27]Root,Leaves Unspecified Uterus infection Angul-Talcher Mining region[23]Root The root powder is consumed along with cow milk Low libido Dhenkanal [12]Root Raw root tip,paste of root Unwanted pregnancy Sacred forest Western Odisha[30]166 Mimusops elengi L.(Sapotaceae)Bakula Seed 2-3 seeds crushed and given twice a day for 7 days Urinary tract infection and genital problems Rajgangpur,Sundargarh[5]167 Mirabilis jalapa L.(Nyctaginaceae)Rangani Root The fresh juice of the root is taken orally twice a day for 10 days Urinary tract infections,Kantapada block,Cuttack[15]168 Mitragyana parvifolia(Roxb.)Korth(Rubiaceae)Mundi,Muyeed,Kurmo Bark Bark powder is given with milk Premature ejaculation Nuapada [17]169 Morinda tometosa Heyne ex:Roth(Rubiaceae)Achhu Stem Stem bark powder eaten with honey 2 times daily Menstrual disorders Bhadrak, [22]170 Moringa oleifera Lam.(Moringaceae)Sajana Root,bark Root and bark with warm milk Unwanted pregnancy Bhadrak [42]171 Mucuna nigricans(Lour.)Steudel(Fabaceae)Gond Seed Seed paste used as a local applicant Ulcers of genital organs for both sex Harishankar,Patther,Bolangi[42]172 Mucuna pruriens(L.)DC(Fabaceae)Baidanka Seed Seeds are sun-dried and boiled with cow milk to purify.10 g of the purified seeds are sun-dried again and pounded.The patient is administered,one teaspoon of this powder along with 250 ml of raw cow milk to be taken for the next 30 days,two times a day on an empty stomach Gonorrhea,Impotency,Spermatorrhea,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia Kandhamal [33]Kursa,Baikhujen Seed About 1 g of seed paste is administered once a daily for 3 days Abortion Rayagada [29]Baidanka Seed Seed paste Sexually transmitted diseases.Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]Root,Leaf,fruit Unspecified Gonorrhea,Sterility Angul-Talcher mining region[23]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 173 Nelsonia canescens(Lam.)Spreng.(Acanthaceae)Bramhadandi,Badarasana Leaf One tablespoon of leaf juice with milk is given for 3 days Oligomenorrhea Kalahandi [41]174 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn(Nelumbonaceae)Padma Flower Leaf Petal,Tuber Unspecified Dysmenorrhoea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Rhizo me Decoction of rhizome Leucorrhoea,other menstrual problems Bhadrak [21]175 Neolamarckia cadamba(Roxb.)Bosser.(Rubiaceae)Kadamba Leaf 10–15 ml of fresh leaf juice is given Leucorrhoea,Hypomenorrhea Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]176 Nicotina tobacum Linne.(Solanaceae)Dhuanpatra Leaf 1-2 leaves are taken once a day regularly Nephrolithiasis Nayagarh [50]177 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f.(Nymphaeaceae)Nila kain Rhizo me Rhizome paste with honey Oligomenorrhea Bhadrak [21]178 Nymphaea pubescens Willd.(Nymphaeaceae)Dhala kain,Nali kain Rhizo me Rhizome juice Leucorrhoea Wetlands of South Odisha[28]Root Root paste of the red-flowered plant Dysuria,Menorrhagia A paste of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Bark of Ficus religiosa,and seeds of Sesamum indicum is made.d.n.s Unwanted pregnancy 179 Nymphaea stellate Burm.f.(Nymphaeaceae)Nalikainphul Rhizo me 5 g of rhizome powder is administered once daily for 1 month Breast abscess Rayagada [29]180 Ocimum basilicum L(Lamiaceae)Durlava Leaf,Seed Unspecified Dysuria Kandhamal [34]Leaf Powder or decoction is consumed orally Dysuria Ganjam [40]181 Ocimum sanctum L.(Lamiaceae)Tulasi Leaf 10 ml.of leaf juice is taken in empty stomach for 15 days Polyuria Koenjhar [13]Leaf juice with Jaggery and cow milk Post-natal complaints Bhadrak[21]182 Ocimum tenuiflorum L.(Lamiaceae)Tulsi Leaf Fresh leaves d.n.s Urinary tract infection Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]183 Oroxylum indicum(L.)Vent.(Bignoniaceae)Phaphuni Bark With an equal quantity of mango bark dried and powdered,6 g of the same given twice a day for 2-3 days Post-natal complaint Belghar,Phulbani,[18]Phanaphania Bark Decoction(10 ml) of ba rk with little butter given once daily at night for 3 days Polyuria Jareikela,Sundargarh[5]n.s Unspecified Polyuria Orissa state [32]Root,flower,seed Root and flower paste is taken orally,Dried seeds powder Leucorrhoea,Infertility in women Mohana,Gajapati[3]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 184 Orthosiphon rubicundus(D Don)Benth.(Lamiaceae)Bhuimendar Root Mix it with roots of Smilax ovalifolia&Cissampelos pareiraL.And few black pepper berries made into a paste and given 10 g twice a day for 3-4 days.Haematuria Jalmahadev,Sambalpur[42]With the root of‘Swetamadar’[white flowered Calotropis gigantea(L)R.Br,Croton roxburghii Balak,Zingiber montanum and(L)Copel Tectaria cicutaria taken in equal quantities,powdered,and given with cow’s milk to women,10g twice a day for 7 days after menstruation Difficulty in conception Junadihi,Sambalpur 185 Oryza sativa Linn.(Poaceae)Dhana Straw Some pieces of straw are chewed and juice is swallowed Dysuria Kalahandi [41]186 Oxystelma esculenta Linn.f.(Asclepiadaceae)Dudel Tuber Tuber juice with milk is taken daily in the morning for 3 days Dysmenorrhoea Kalahandi [41]187 Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek.(Rubiaceae)Gurvelli,Dhangri char Root bark,Twig Root bark decoction of Pavetta crassicaulis and Hibiscus manihut is given for 3 days Twig is used as a toothbrush Unwanted pregnancy Kalahandi [41]188 Pedalium murex L(Pedaliaceae)Gokhara Leaf,fruit or seeds Leaves,seeds,and fruits of the plant are soaked in water or milk and a mucilaginous infusion is formed.d.n.s Dysuria,Gonorrhea Kaptipada forest of Mayurbhanj,Coastal sand dunes of Orissa[8]Leaf,Fruits Leaves and fruits ground together into a paste and are applied on testicles for a week Hydrocele Boudh [10]189 Peperomia pellucida(L.)Kunth(Piperomiaceae)Banpipili Root Grounded roots are taken orally once a day labor pain issues Rayagada [29]190 Pergularia demia(Forssk.)Chiov(Asclepiadaceae)Uturuli Root 3 g of dried root powder mixed with a glass of water once a day for 3 days on an empty stomach To induce abortion for 1-2 months of pregnancy Rayagada [29]Whole plant Whole plant paste Menstrual problems Similipal biosphere reserve,Mayurbhanj[11]191 Phoenix acaulis Buch.Ham.ex Roxb.(Arecaceae)Khajuri Root Roots are washed and pounded to extract their juice.The patient is administered,one teaspoon of the juice along with 250 ml of warm water for the next seven days,2 times a day on an empty stomach Spermatorrhoea Kandhamal [33]Leaf 5-6 young leaf tips are chewed and swallowed 3-4 times a day for the next seven days Dysuria Fruit Unspecified Low libido,Spermatorrhoea Angul-Talcher mining region[23]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 192 Phyllanthus asperulatus Hutch.(Euphorbiaceae)Bhuin anla Leaf The leaves mixed with the grains of(Paniculum sp.),a grass Low libido Orissa [48]193 Phyllanthus emblica L.(Phyllanthaceae)Aonla Seed Seed paste d.n.s Leucorrhoea Bhadrak [21]194 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster(Euphorbiaceae)Bhuin aenla Root,plant,shoot Unspecified Uro-genital infections Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Leaf About 10 g of leaves grounded with water and consumed Leucorrhoea Rayagada [29]Whole plant Plant extract is given orally for 3-4 days Nephrolithiasis,Dysuria Dhenkanal [16]195 Phyllanthus niruri L.(Phyllanthaceae)Anla Whole plant Unspecified Leucorrhoea Kandhamal [34]Oral consumption of decoction Leucorrhoea Ganjam [40]Unspecified Nephrolithiasis,gall bladder stones Kantapada Block,Cuttack[15]196 Piper nigrum L.(Piperaceae)Gol maricha Fruit Unspecified Dysmenorrhoea Kandhamal [34]Seed Decoction of seed Post-natal complaints Bhadrak [21]197 Pistia stratiotes L.(Araceae)Borjhanji Whole plant Plant decoction Dysuria Wetlands of South Odisha[28]198 Plumbago indica L.(Plumbaginaceae)Nalichitrak Root Root paste applied locally Hydrocele Singuda,Bhadrak,[22]Raktachitapar a Root Twenty grams of fresh root paste along with equal amount of preserved gur taken orally in empty stomach (single dose)Amenorrhoea,Dysmenorrhoea,Menorrhagia Kandhamal [33]Chitaparu,Raktachitapar a Leaf,stem,fruit Unspecified Leucorrhoea,Unwanted pregnancy Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Root A piece of root is inserted into the uterus To expel the placenta Kalahandi [41]Gynecological problems Boudh [10]199 Plumbago rosea L.(Plumbaginaceae)Raktachita Root Unspecified Contraception Keonjhar,Similipal,Mayurbhanj[31]200 Plumbago zeylanica L(Plumbaginaceae)Chitaparu/Chintamula Root Root juice or paste in cow milk is given for 7 days Unwanted pregnancy,Contraception Panigunda of Ganjam[48]Tikabali of Phulbani[42][43]Root paste made into pills and 2 pills taken twice a day for 5 days Unwanted pregnancy up to 3 months Boudh [10]Fruit,Stem Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Root 2 g of this powder is taken by the patient with water twice.Malkangiri [51]Chitrak Root The root powder is given once daily to pregnant women for 7 days Labour pain issues Baljitpada,Bhadrak,[22]Sitaparu Root 2 g of this powder is taken by the patient with water twice.Unwanted pregnancy Malkangiri [51]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 219 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.(Euphorbiaceae)Putranjivah Whole plant Half teaspoon of the whole plant and cucumber seed powder is twice daily for the next 3 months Infertility in women Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]220 Rauvolfia Serpentina(L.)Benth(Apocynaceae)Patalgaruda Whole plant With Pippali and Sunthi in equal quantities powdered 3 g powder per dose given thrice a day for 3-4 days.Oligomenorrhea Gariapara ghat,Phulbani[18]n.s Unspecified Orissa state [32]Leaf 10ml of leaf extract mixed with 5 g leaf powder of Withiana somnifera and one teaspoon full of honey is administered for 10 days Leucorrhoea Rayagada [29]Whole plant One teaspoon of dried whole plant of Indian snakeroot with a glass of warm water is given once a day for the next 3 to 4 days Leucorrhoea Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]Sarpagandha Root Root decoction with cow milk Uterine contraction for parturition Bhadrak [21]211 Saccharum spontaneum L.(Poaceae)Kuiso Root Paste from the whole root of a plant with 21 black peppers with the required quantity of water applied locally Hydrocele Phulbani [18]212 Salvia santolinaefolia Boiss(Lamiaceae)n.s Leaf,Seed Unspecified Gonorrhea Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]213 Saraca asoca(Roxb.)de Willde(Caesalpiniaceae)Ashoka Seed Two spoons of the mixture of 1-2 g of seed paste with water are taken once per day regularly Nephrolithiasis,Dbutea monospermaiure sis Coastal districts of Odisha[49]Gynecological problems Boudh [10]Kandhamal [34]Bark Bark powder/Paste/Decoction is taken on an empty stomach twice daily for about a month.Menorrhagia,Dysmenorrhoea,Oligomenorrhea,Hypomenorrea Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]Mohana,Gajapati[3]Koenjhar [13]Oligomenorrhea,Dysuria.Bhadrak [21]Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]Bark,seed,flower Unspecified Diuresis,Uterine stimulant and ovarian tissue,Urinary discharge Kantapada Block,Cuttack[15]Orally raw or decoction is administered Dysuria,Oligomenorrhea Ganjam [40]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 214 Saraca indica L.(Fabaceae)Ashoka Seed 2 teaspoon of seed paste is given once per a day Diuresis Khordha and Nayagarh,Undivided Puri[6]215 Scleria terrestris(L.)Fassett.(Cyperaceae)Churia,Jhurian Whole plant Paste(15-20 g)given once daily for 3 days Spermatorrhoea Jalmahadev,Sambalpur[42]216 Scoparia dulcis L.(Scrophulariaceae)Banaganjei,Sarukucha Whole plant Crushed and aqueous extract of aerial part of the plant given twice a day for 5 days Spermatorrhoea Mandakia,Phulbani[26]Banaganjei,Chireita Leaf Leaves are chewed in empty stomach Gonorrhea Wetlands of South Odisha[28]Badi awala,Surja Rashi,Gharipudiya Whole plant Plant powdered and made into pills.These pills are taken with milk daily Erectile dysfunction Nuapada [44]217 Scurrula parasitica L.(Loranthaceae)Dhatkimada ng Whole plant Whole paste(10-15 g)with sugar candy given to women after 3 months of pregnancy for 15-20 days Longing for a male child Junadihi,Sambalpur[42]218 Sebastiana chamelea(L.)Mull.Arg.(Euphorbiaceae)Anjidray Bark Boil bark in water used locally.Syphilis Koraput, [7]219 Semecarpus anacardium L.f(Anacardiaceae)Bhalia Fruit Unspecified Uterine stimulant Angul Talcher mining region[23]220 Sesamum indicum L.(Pedaliaceae)Rashi Seeds 5 g seeds along with seeds of Tribullusterrestris(1:1)boiled in 150ml goat milk and given with honey to males Low libido Nuagaon,Sundargarh,[5]Leaf,Seed Unspecified Low libido,Infertility women Orissa state [32]Urinary tract infections Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]221 Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.(Dipterocarpaceae)Sala Bark About 20 g of fresh stem bark is boiled in 1 L of water till it became one-fourth of its volume.One cup of this decoction along with one teaspoon of honey taken orally in empty stomach twice daily for 15 to 21 days Spermatorrhea,Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia,Amenorrhoea,Dysmenorrhoea,Sterility Kandhamal [33]Bark,fruit Unspecified Spermatorrhoea Angul-Talcher Mining region[23]Whole plant Unspecified Urinary tract infections Malkangiri [47]222 Sida cordata(Burm.f.)Borss.(Malvaceae)Biskhapuri Root Root pounded together with CelastruspaniculatusWilld.(2:1),taken twice a day for one month Amenorrhoea Jamugurha,Belghar,Phulbani,[26]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 223 Sida cordifolia L.(Malvaceae)Bajramuli Seeds Unspecified Gonorrhea Coastal sand dunes[8]Root,leaf Unspecified Urinary troubles,Haematuria Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Bala Root Unspecified Urinary troubles,Haematuria,Gonorrhea,cystitis,Leucorrhoea Nayagarh [50]224 Smilax ovalifolia Roxb.(Liliaceae)Muturilaha Leaf,root The juice made from smashed root mixed with root paste of Satabari(Asparagus racemosus Willd.)is taken orally Spermatorrhoea Tikabali,Phulbani[43]Root Food is given on plates made up of leaves of the plant,root powder is given thrice daily for 7 days Sexually transmitted diseases Koenjhar [13]10 ml root juice is consumed orally Dysuria,Meterrohoea,Amenorrhoea Mayurbhanj [25]Root paste is taken for a week Spermatorrhoea,Leucorrhoea Angul-Talcher mining region[23]225 Smilax perfoliata Lour(Smilacaceae)Ramdantuni Root Root paste d.n..s Gynecological problems Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]226 Smilax zeylanica L.(Liliaceae)Muturi Root Roots are sun-dried and pounded.10 g of this powder,Asparagus racemosus Willd along with 20 g of gur(or sugar)The patient is administered this mixture along with 250 ml of cold water for the next one month on an empty stomach Leucorrhoea,Metrorrhagia,Spermatorrhea Orissa [33]Muturimal Root 5 g of root powder mixed with 5 g of dried Zingiber officinalis powder is taken in the early morning Menorrhagia Rayagada [29]Muturi Root The root is smashed and mixed with the root paste of Satabari(Asparagus racemosus Willd).This juice is taken for a week Spermatorrhoea,Leucorrhoea.Tikabali,Phulbani Angul-Talcher Mining region[38][23]Sexually transmitted diseases Koenjhar [13]227 Solanum nigrum L.(Solanaceae)Nunununia Ripe fruits Unspecified Diuresis Kantapada block,Cuttack[15]228 Solanum surattense L.(Solanaceae)Kantakari Whole plant Unspecified Gonorrhea Nayagarh [50]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 229 Solanum torvum Sw.(Solanaceae)Dengabheji Fruit Boiled decoction of the fruit Haematuria Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]230 Solanum violaceum Orteg.(Solanaceae)Root Unspecified Post-natal complaints Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]231 Solanum virginianum L.(Solanaceae)Ranganijanu m Root The juices of the root and honey in a proportion of 2:1 is administered orally Dysuria Dhenkanal [16]232 Sopubia delphinifolia G.Don(Orobanchaceae)Pani sungha Whole plant Whole plant is boiled with Solanum virginianum(Bheji baigana)and Nyctanthes arbortristis(Ganga siwali)and given the next morning Urinary pigmentation Nuapada [17]233 Soymida febriguga A.Juss.(Meliaceae)Ruhen Bark Bark paste is used d.n.s Menstrual disorder Sacred forest of Western Odisha[30]234 Spermadictyon suaveolensRoxb(Rubiaceae)Tribason Root Root(25 g)and 4 black peppers ground in cow’s milk and paste given to women on empty stomach once daily for 7 days after menstruation.Contraception Pathar,Bolangir[42]235 Sphaeranthus indicus L.(Asteraceae)Bhuikadam,Batiphul n.s Unspecified Polyuria Koraput [20]Koirab Whole plant The whole plant is boiled in water and jaggery.This is stored in an earthen pot for the next 15 days to make the decoction d.n.s Post-natal complaints Dhenkanal [16]236 Spondias pinnata(L.f.)jainKurz(Anacardiaceae)Salama Plant,Bark Unspecified Menstrual disorder Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Root Root paste(d.n.s) Menstrual disorder Bhadrak [21]237 Streblus asper Lour.(Moraceae)Sahada Root the root bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica(L.)Wall.exDC,2:1 crushed together and aqueous extract thus obtained given twice a day for one month Leucorrhoea Takalmendi,Pasora,Phulbani,[26]Leaf,Latex,Bark,Root Unspecified Labour pain issues Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]Root Root powder Oligomenorrhea Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]238 Strychns nux-vomica L.(Loganiaceae)Kuchila Seed Seed powder with water Menstrual disorder Bhadrak [21]239 Symphorema involucretum Roxb.(Verbenaceae)Badi chang Root One inch of root with 3 banana flowers and seeds of Semecarpus anacardium(Bheluwa)pasted with molasses(Gud).This is given for 3 days after completion of the monthly cycle Contraception Nuapada [17]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 240 Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels(Myrtaceae)Jamu Stem bark Juice of stem bark along with a little pepper powder is to be taken two times in a month along with cow milk Nephrolithiasis Boudh, [10]Nayagarh [50]241 Tadehagi triquetrum(L.)Ohashe(Fabaceae)Dhuajabhang o Root Root paste applied on the penis Low libido Phulabani, [18]242 Tamarindus indica L.(Fabaceae)Tentuli Fruit Fruit paste with honey Menorrhagia Bhadrak [21]243 Tectariaci cutaria(L.)Copel.(Tectariaceae)Raktamahajal Rhizo me Rhizome paste(10 g)with that of Zingibermontanu and root of Croton roxburghii Balakin equal quantities made into paste given Menstrual disorder Nursinghanat h,Patthar,Bolangir[42]Rhizome powder(15 g),the root of Cissampelos pereira,and Smilax ovalifolia in equal proportions given to women Leucorrhoea Guptamahade v,Sambalpur 244 Tephrosia purpurea(L.)Pers.(Fabaceae)Bana kulathi Leaf Leaf decoction with honey Post-natal complaints Bhadrak [21]245 Terminalia arjuna Wight.,Am(Combretaceae)Arjuna Bark Bark powder of Terminalia arjuna mixed with the juice of Adhatada vasica and Helicteres isora is consumed twice a day for 7 days Urinary tract infection Dhenkanal [12]Stem bark with honey and water Leucorrhoea,menorrhagia Bhadrak [21]Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally Spermatorrhoea Ganjam [40]Whole plant Unspecified Spermatorrhoea Kandhamal [34]246 Terminalia chebula Retz.(Combretaceae)Harida Fruit Grounded fruits administered once a day Low lactation/Post-natal complaints Rayagada [29]247 Tinospora cordifolia Willd.(Menispermaceae)Guluchi Whole plant Aqueous extract of the whole plant given once a day with honey for a week Spermatorrhoea Jamugurha,Belghar,Phulbani[26]Stem The stem is washed and pounded to extract the juice.The patient is administered,4 teaspoons of this juice along with 1 teaspoon of honey for the next 7 days,2 times a day.Spermatorrhoea,leucorrhoea Impotency,sterility Kandhamal [33]Stem 10 g of Stem powder is prescribed for 7 days with 2-3 g of black peppers(Piper nigrum)powder.Urinary tract infections Dhenkanal [12][16]

Sl.No.Scientific-name with family Vernacular name Parts used Mode of administration Type of ailment Area/locality Ref 248 Tribulus terrestris Linn.(Zygophyllaceae)Gokhura Root 1-2 spoons of root paste are taken with milk after 3rd day of menstruation for 4-7 days Oligomenorrhea Kalahandi [41]Whole plant Whole plant decoction is taken twice a day Dysuria Coastal districts Of Odisha[49]Fruit 15 ml of matured fruit Infusion is prescribed early in the morning on an empty stomach Dysuria,other urinary disorders.Dhenkanal [16]Fruit Unspecified Spermatorrhoea,Phosphoturia,Dysuria,Gonorrhoea,Urinary disorders(Calculus affections)Nayagarh [50]249 Trichosanthes cucumerina L.(Cucurbitaceae)Banpotal Root ‘Tejraj’(Cyanoglossum glochidiatum Wall.Ex Benth.)mixed with its root powder in equal proportion and given(10 g)Impotency Patthar,Bolangir[42]250 Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(Fabaceae)Methi Seed Seed powder with water d.n.s Dysmenorrhoea Bhadrak [21]251 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.(Tiliaceae)Tatatatia Root Root paste d.n.s Expedite delivery Similipal,Mayurbhanj[11]252 Tylophora indica(Burm.f.)Merrill(Asclepiadaceae)Chanur Flower Flowers fried in ghee are taken after the 5th day of menstruation Contraception Kalahandi [41]253 Vetiveria zizanioides(L.)Nash(Poaceae)Siron Root Roots(100 g)boiled in 500 ml water for 30 minutes and the filtrate(10 ml)is given with little sugar Dysuria Dhenkanal [16]254 Vicoa auriculata Cass.(Asteraceae)Rumutintar Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Lanjia,Koraput,[7]255 Vitex leucoxylon L.f.(Verbenaceae)Chadheigodia Bark 40 ml bark decoction Kidney disorder Mayurbhanj [25]256 Vitex negundo L.(Verbenaceae)Nirgundi Shoot,Leaf Unspecified Unwanted pregnancy Kaptipada forest,Mayurbhanj[9]257 Wendlandia heynei(Roem.&Sch.)Sant.Tilai&Merch(Rubiaceae)Tilai Root Root(15 g)and 3 black pepper berries made into a paste and given once daily for 3 days after menses Contraception Jalmahadev,Sambalpur[42]

NOTE.*d.n.s=Dosage not specified;*n.s=Not specified.

Least used medicinal plants

There are few medically important plants enlisted in Table 1, which are not explored much in Odisha were listed in Table 3,which could provide scope for further research on these plants.

Statistical analysis

Based on the data (Table 1), various insights can be deduced, which are presented in the sections below.Statistical analysis was conducted using MS office 2013, software and the results were presented in different chart form.

Table 2 List of best explored medicinal plants of Odisha for urogenital disorders

Table 3 Medicinal plants yet to be explored/need further studies

Name of the plant species Active ingredients Activities of plant parts*Clinical trials done?Asparagus racemosus images/BZ_42_143_551_645_924.pngRoot methanolic extract:phytochemicals like phytosterols,triterpenoids,saponins,alkaloids,carbohydrates,flavonoids,lactones,tannins,phenolic compounds,protein,glycosides,fixed oils,and fatty acids[62].Root-Post-natal complaints,spermatorrhea,hydrocele,low libido,leucorrhea,gonorrhea,impotency,metrorrhagia,urinary disorder,protects pregnancy,haematuria,expedite delivery,miscarriage Conducted on possible beneficial effects on female reproductive health disorders[63].Boerhaavia diffusa images/BZ_42_142_1240_670_1675.pngRoot and leaf methanolic extract:flavonoids,saponins,proteins,carbohydrates,phenols,alkaloids,glycosides,isoflavonoid,and rotenoids[64].Whole plant-Menorrhagia,urinary problem,cystitis,nephrolithiasis,leucorrhea Root-Leucorrhea,metrorrhagia,spermatorrhoea Not found Butea monosperma images/BZ_42_142_1894_613_2322.pngFlower constitutes phenol,alkaloid,flavonoid,anthocyanin,xanthophyll,saponin,beta-carotene,lycopene,and total carotenoids.Its ethanol extract contains phenol,alkaloid,flavonoid,xanthophyll,saponin,beta-carotene,lycopene,a total carotenoid[65,66].Seed-Unwanted pregnancy,contraception Bark-Menarch,Dysmenorrhea,nephrolithiasis,leucorrhea,amenorrhea,dysmenorrhea,and other menstrual disorders Leaf-Difficulty in conception Not found Curculigo orchioides images/BZ_42_142_2590_646_2968.pngLeaf methanol extract reveals the presence of phytochemicals like carbohydrates,diterpenes,flavonoids,phenols,steroids,tannins.Rhizome has alkaloids,carbohydrates,flavonoids,flavones,phenols,saponins,steroids,tannins[67].Root-STDs,Gonorrhea,low libido,impotency,spermatorrhoea,leucorrhea,metrorrhagia,dysuria,urinary tract infection,Stem-Oligomenorrhoea,Not found

Name of the plant species Active ingredients Activities of plant parts*Clinical trials done?Cynodon dactylon images/BZ_43_143_540_653_931.pngAerial part i.e.Stem ethanol extract:carbohydrate,flavonoids,proteins,alkaloids,saponin,and tannins[68].Whole plant-Menstrual complaint,amenorrhea,menorrhagia,dysmenorrhagia,leucorrhea Leaf-dysuria,urinary tract infection,leucorrhea,metrorhagia Not found Ficus benghalensis images/BZ_43_143_1235_653_1685.pngFruit:Phytochemicals present in Fruit include protein,flavonoids,alkaloids,tannins,phenol,vitamin C,terpenoides,phlobatannins,chloride[69].Ethanol extract of leaves constitute alkaloids,carbohydrates,tannins,flavonoids,sterols[70].Root-Syphilis,spermatorrhoea,low libido Leaf-Impotency,spermatorrhea,Fruit-Spermatorrhoea Latex-Gonorrhea Not found Gloriosa superba images/BZ_43_142_1894_632_2338.pngProteins,phenols,tannins,starch,terpenoids,glycoside,alkaloids were present in a maximum amount in seed and tuber but they are absent in leaf and flower extracts.Saponin was present moderately in seed and tuber but absent in leaf[71].Root-Unwanted pregnancy,labour pain issues,the expulsion of placenta Stem-White discharge during oligomenorrhoea Root,seed,and leaf-Kidney problem Not found Hygrophilla auriculata images/BZ_43_120_2541_603_2903.pngWhole plant extract in ethyl acetate has phytochemicals like alkaloids,proteins(highly present),saponin,terpenoid,steroid,flavonoid,cardio glycosides[72].Seed-Gonorrhoea,impotency,spermatorrhoea,leucorrhoea,metorrhagia,Stem-Nephrolithiasis,urinary bladder stones Leaf-Urinary infection Not found

Results

Area wise distribution of referred therapies

Different ethnomedicinal survey reports from different districts were compiled in Figure 3 and it is evident that in areas like Mayurbhanj, Phulbani, Dhenkanal,Bhadrak, more research had been carried out and reported and possibly these areas are rich in medicinal flora.The maximum number of plant species are reported from the Mayurbhanj district, which has an approximate count of 73 species.Of the reported plant listAbrus precatoriusL.(Fabaceae),Asparagus racemosusWilld.(Liliaceae),Bombax ceibaL.(Bombacaceae),Streblus asperLour.(Moraceae),Xanthium indicumKoen.(Asteraceae)are frequently in use for curing urogenital issues.While Phulbani district is placed in the second position with around 48 reported medicinal plants.In this district plants likeAlstonia scholaris(L.) R.Br.(Apocynaceae),Argemone mexicanaL.(Papaveraceae),Asparagus racemosusWilld.(Liliaceae),Cuscuta reflexaRoxb.(Convolvulaceae),Ficus benghalensisL.(Moraceae)is repeatedly used for treatment.Third highest number i.e.47 medicinal plants are reported from Dhenkanal district.Abrus precatoriusL.(Fabaceae),Aerva lanata(L.) Juss.ex Sch (Amaranthaceae),Bambusa arundinaceaWild.(Poaceae),Boerhavia diffusaL.(Nyctaginaceae) is most prescribed to the patients in this district.Boerhavia diffusaL.(Nyctaginaceae) is the frequently used herb in Bhadrak district, which is reported with 46 medicinal plants.

In the Kandhamal district, plants likeArgemone mexicanaL.(Papaveraceae),Asparagus racemosusWilld.(Liliaceae),Curculigo orchioidesGaertn.(Hypoxidaceae),Mangifera indicaL.(Anacardiaceae),Phoenix acaulisBuch.Ham.ex Roxb.(Arecaceae),Pterospermum marsupiumRoxb.(Fabaceae) are in frequent use,out of the 30 reported species.Inhabitants of the Kalahandi district depend more on plants likeCurculigo orchioidesGaertn.(Hypoxidaceae),Gloriosa superbaL.(Colchicaceae) from the 29 reported ethnomedicines for their treatment.

Categorization of urogenital problems

All the reported disorders can be categorized into eleven different types; those are summarized in Supplementary File 1.The statistical distribution of various classes of the urogenital disorder as per Supplementary File 1, prevalent in the study area is depicted in Figure 4.Issues of reproductive organ and reproductive health were grouped into one category,therefore the graph shows 10 categories of urogenital conditions in total.However, gynecological,reproductive, and excretory diseases are mostly documented in various reports, as exhibited in the graph.

Figure 4 Occurrence of different urogenital disorder catagories in the study area

Figure 5 Frequency of reports on various urogenital ailments in the study area

Figure 6 Family wise distribution of the medicinal plant species.

Figure 7 Plant parts frequently used for the treatment of the urogenital disorder

The total number of reports of different types of urogenital issues are presented in Figure 5 and according to this dysuria, various authors frequently report dysuria, oligomenorrhoea, menstrual disorders,and dysmenorrhoea are frequently reported by various authors, probably these are the common problems reported in females.

Family wise therapeutic usage of plants

An overall view of families frequently reported to have abundant species of beneficial ethnomedicinal plants for urogenital disorders is presented in Figure 6.It is inferred from the graph that Fabaceae followed by Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadeaceae are rich in medicinal species, which are potent to cure urogenital disorders.

Plant parts for frequent therapeutic use

The various plant parts that are frequently used in dried,powder, paste, or decoction form are taken into account and approximate frequencies are plotted to infer a comparative idea about the important plant parts, rich in medically important secondary metabolites, which is presented in Figure 7.According to the graph the roots followed by the leaves,bark,and whole plant have maximum therapeutic uses.

Discussion

In this present review, around 264 medicinal species belonging to 85 families are enlisted.In some of the referred journals,the mode of administration of dosage is missing or not mentioned (specified as d.n.s), parts used in the therapy are missing (specified as n.s).In some reports, more than one common local name is assigned to the same species in different localities,which might bring some confusion.However, the reports of the authors have been retained to work on the identified plant species for their medicinal properties.From Table 2, it can be inferred thatAbrus precatoriusL.(Fabaceae),Asparagus racemosusWillde (Liliaceae),Curculigo orchioidesGaertn.(Hypoxidaceae),Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.(Poaceae),Saraca asoca(Roxb.) de Willde(Caesalpiniaceae) are widely recorded for their medicinal properties.From table 1, it can be inferred thatAbelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wt.& Arn.ex Wt.,Abutilon hirsutum (Vell.) K.Schum., Acacia catechu(L.f.)Willd.,Acorus calamus L,Adiantum lunulatum L,Aeschynomene aspera L., Agave sisalana Perrine,Bauhinia variegate L., Bryonopsis laciniosaAuct.Non(L.) and so on are the least known medicinal plants in study areas of Odisha.

We can also conclude that from the listed plants speciesOroxylum indicum(L.) Vent (Bignoniaceae),Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae),Tribulus terrestrisLinn.(Zygophyllaceae),Ampelocissus latifoliaPlanch (Vitaceae),Borassus flabelliferL.(Palmae),Curculigo orchioidesGaertn(Hypoxidaceae)have been least researched and could be a possible specimen for future research and extensive phytochemical screening and their respective antimicrobial and biochemical study.

Conclusion

From the above discussion,we can conclude that many medicinal species have been widely accepted as a means of traditional healing,and the details of usage is passed to the general public as a cost-effective solution for uncomplicated as well as complicated urogenital disorders.From the identified medicinal species, some have been abundantly used and the possible therapeutic benefits are quite high and on the other side, there are some recorded lesser-known species with less research work been carried out.These sparsely used plant species can be further explored by researchers for making more potential drugs for the treatment of urogenital disorders.