废水处理中异化硝酸盐还原为铵的研究进展
2021-09-13万雨轩王鑫
万雨轩 王鑫



摘 要:废水处理过程中涉及多种氮转化途径,其中,异化硝酸盐还原为铵(Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium,DNRA)能够将NO-3/NO-2转化为NH+4,是氮素转化的重要一环。概述了DNRA过程的两步反应机理以及涉及的微生物,着重讨论了废水处理中影响DNRA过程的潜在因素,包括溶解氧、碳源种类、氮源种类、碳氮比、温度、pH值以及废水成分等,总结分析了各种因素如何调控DNRA与反硝化过程对硝态氮的竞争,并对废水处理中DNRA过程的两种主要分析手段进行了介绍。综述了DNRA过程在废水处理中的发生机制及其贡献,对未来DNRA过程的深入研究及废水中氮的去除或回收具有重要意义。
关键词:异化硝酸盐还原;废水处理;氮回收;同位素示踪
中图分类号:X703.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-6717(2021)06-0134-11
Abstract: There are many ways of nitrogen transformation in wastewater treatment, among which dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) convert NO-3/NO-2 into NH+4, which is an important part of nitrogen transformation.This paper reviews the two-step reaction mechanism of DNRA process and microorganisms involved. In addition, the potential factors affecting the DNRA process in wastewater treatment, such as dissolved oxygen, types of carbon or nitrogen sources, C/N ratio, temperature, pH and special substances contained in wastewater,are emphatically discussed to explore how to regulate the competition between DNRA and denitrification fornitrate, and this paper introduces two main analytical methods for DNRA process in wastewater treatment.This paper confirms the occurrence and contribution of DNRA process in wastewater treatment, and the in-depth study of DNRA is of great significance for the removal or recovery of nitrogen in wastewater.
Keywords: dissimilatory nitrate reduction; wastewater treatment; nitrogen recovery; isotope tracing
氮在自然界中至關重要,是生物合成关键细胞成分所必需的重要营养元素,其可用性取决于微生物间进行的各种氮转化反应。近年来,人们对微生物的氮转化过程进行了深入研究,将其归纳为7个过程,如图1所示。其中,异化硝酸盐还原为铵(Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium, DNRA)的过程是由微生物介导,将NO-3和NO-2直接还原为NH+4的酶促氧化还原反应。早在1938年,DNRA过程就被证明可以发生在常见的土壤细菌中,如Clostridium welchii[1]。1975年,Stanford等通过15N同位素示踪技术进一步证实了DNRA过程的存在[2]。然而,由于技术上的限制,之后的大多数研究仍然认为反硝化过程是进行硝酸盐还原的主要途径,而DNRA过程对硝酸盐还原的影响较小。直到1988年,Tiedje等提出由于NH+4的流动性比NO-3小,NH+4更容易被保留在环境中[3]。反硝化过程生成N2和N2O造成氮损失,增加温室气体排放,而通过DNRA过程生成NH+4能够为生态系统保留活性氮[3],因此,DNRA在不同生态系统中的重要性逐渐被意识到。……
