殷雪妍 严广寒 汪星

摘要： “水體污染控制与治理”科技重大专项（简称水专项）自“十一五”以来研发了20余项生态修复关键技术， 为解决单项技术在湖滨带生态修复过程中应用成效局限性问题， 基于提升土壤稳定性、改善湿地生境、恢复修复区水生植被、实现长效运行管理等技术需求， 选择生态修复区迎风岸坡重建与消浪挡藻技术，基底快速沉降-持久稳定-水质底质改善技术， 敞水区水生植被多层次重建技术， 水陆交错带植被优化配置与稳定化技术， 水生植被资源化利用与生态修复长效运行管理技术等， 凝练形成以“湖滨带现状调查、健康评价与诊断—生境改善—水生植被恢复—长效运行管理”为集成模式的太湖不同类型湖滨带水生植被恢复成套技术. 其中， 大堤型湖滨带植被恢复成套技术在太湖竺山湾应用成效显著， 可消减64%风浪， 植被覆盖率达到30%以上； 缓坡型湖滨带植被恢复成套技术在太湖贡湖湾应用成效显著， 水生植物覆盖度达到57%， 水体透明度 > 110 cm， 生物多样性指数大幅提高. 为太湖湖滨带水生植被恢复与水质改善工作提供了实践依据.

关键词： 湖滨带； 水生植被恢复； 太湖流域； 技术集成

中图分类号： X524 文献标志码： A DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2021.04.004

Research on the integration and application of aquatic vegetation restoration technology in the lakeshore zone of Taihu Lake

YIN Xueyan1，2， YAN Guanghan1，2， WANG Xing1，2

（1. National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration， Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences， Beijing 100012， China； 2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection， Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences， Beijing 100012， China）

Abstract： Since the eleventh five-year plan， the National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment （referred to as the “Water Program”） has developed more than 20 key technologies to assist in restoring the lakeshore zone of Taihu Lake Basin. These solutions overcome the application limitations of a single technology in ecological restoration of the lakeshore zone. This includes technologies for： rebuilding the upwind bank slope to eliminate wave and algae in the ecological restoration area； rapid settlement of sediment for lasting improvements in water quality； multi-level reconstruction technology for aquatic vegetation in an open water area； large-scale cultivation and community construction for optimal allocation and stabilization of aquatic plants； and utilization of aquatic vegetation resources for long-term operation and management， based on the technical requirements for improving soil stability， improving the wetland habitat， and restoring the aquatic vegetation in the restoration area. Hence， a comprehensive technology solution for ecological restoration of different lakeshore zones in Taihu Lake Basin （titled “investigation and assessment of lakeshore zone status， wetland habitat improvement， wetland aquatic vegetation restoration， and long term management”） was formed. The complete technology solution for vegetation restoration in the dike-type lakeshore zone has been successfully applied in Zhushan Bay of Taihu Lake， with the wind wave reduced by 64% and the vegetation coverage rate exceeding 30%. The complete technology solution for vegetation restoration in a gentle slope lakeshore zone was also successfully applied in Gonghu Bay of Taihu Lake； the implementation resulted in coverage of aquatic plants reaching 57%， water depth transparency of more than 110 cm， and a greatly improved biodiversity index. In summary， the research results provide a practical basis for aquatic vegetation restoration and water quality improvement.

Keywords： lakeshore zones； aquatic vegetation restoration； Taihu Lake Basin； technology integration

0 引 言

湖滨带（Lakeshore）定义为湖泊流域中湖泊水域生态系统与陆地生态系统之间的生态过渡带[1-3]，可分为水向带（Littoral Zone）、岸线带（Shoreline Zone， 即消落带）和陆向带（Riparian Zone）[4-7]. 早期研究者们将湖滨带按照地形条件进行分类， 可分为河口型、堤防型（大堤型）、滩地……