France 法国

Lower secondary education ends at 15 when pupils take a lower secondary leaving exam， the brevet， which comprises tests French， maths， history/geography and civics education together with continuous assessment from 13—15. After one year of upper secondary education， pupils can leave or continue their education. Those that stay on can choose from a range of baccalaureate， a technical brevet or vocational certificates.

初中教育在15岁结束，学生们需要参加初中毕业考试——初中毕业会考，其中包括法语、数学、历史/地理和公民教育，以及从13到15岁的连续评估。经过一年的高中教育后，学生可以选择离开或继续学业。那些留下来的学生可以在一系列文凭、技术证书或职业证书中进行选择。

Finland 芬兰

At age 18 to 19 students usually take the matriculation examination. This comprises at least four tests：

· mother tongue （compulsory）;

· three other compulsory tests from second national language， foreign language， maths， and one test from sciences or humanities;

· one or more optional tests.

18至19岁的学生通常需要参加大学入学考试，这至少包括四项考试：

· 母语（必修）;

· 其他三门必修考试，包括第二民族语言、外语、数学，以及一项科学或人文学科的考试;

· 一项或多项可选测试。

South Korea 韩国

No national examination on completion of lower secondary phase education. However， students may need to take an entrance exam at age 15+ for some upper secondary schools.

At age 18+， pupils receive either a High School Certificate or a Vocational High School Certificate. All students who wish to go to junior college after upper secondary school （high school） have to take the national College Scholastic Ability Test （CSAT）. CSAT involves written tests in subject domains： Korean， maths， English， social studies， science and vocational education （pupils choose 9 tests from a range of options）， and a second foreign language.

Higher education institutions announce annually their student admission criteria which include elements such as CSAT score， comprehensive high school records， institution-administered examinations， interviews， essays and recommendation letters.

完成初中階段教育后没有国家考试。然而，对于一些高中，15岁以上的学生可能需要参加入学考试。

18岁以上的学生会获得高中证书或职业高中证书。所有希望在高中毕业后进入大学的学生必须参加全国学院学术能力考试（CSAT）。CSAT包括以下学科领域的笔试：韩语、数学、英语、社会科学、科学和职业教育（学生从一系列选项中选择9门考试），以及第二外语。

高等教育机构每年都会公布他们的招生标准，其中包括CSAT成绩、综合高中成绩、院校管理的考试、面试、作文和推荐信等要素。

Japan 日本

No national assessment. Individual institutions arrange assessment at the end of lower secondary education （age 15） which may influence entry to senior high school although entry tests for these are often administered by municipal boards of education. Each local senior high school selects its own pupils under supervision of boards of education and in accordance with individual boards regulations. National and private upper secondary schools conduct their own entrance exams. Individual institutions issue a Certificate of Upper Secondary Education at age 18. This Certificate is just one of the requirements for entry to higher education.

日本没有全国性的评估考试。地方院校在学生初中教育结束时（15岁）会安排评估，这可能会影响其高中入学，尽管这些入学考试通常是由市教育委员会管理。每所地方高中在教育委员会的监督下，根据地方委员会的规定选择自己要录取的学生。国立和私立高中都有自己的入学考试。地方院校在学生18岁时颁发高中教育证书，但这一证书只是升学的条件之一。

The Netherlands 荷兰

At age 15， schools assess whether students have acquired the knowledge， understanding and skills described in the attainment targets for basic secondary education （known as the first cycle）. Pupils then enter the second cycle which prepares students for specific， differentiated terminal examinations：

· VMBO， pre-vocational secondary education qualification： comprises a compulsory common component （Dutch， English， social studies I， physical education and arts I）， an optional component， and a sector-specific component （chosen from： engineering and technology， care and welfare， business or agriculture）.

· HAVO， senior general secondary education qualification： common component as above， specialized components and an optional component chosen from subject combinations： “science and technology”， “science and health” and “economics and society”. As well as terminal exams， pupils have to write a project which is expected to take 80 hours.

· VWO， a pre-university qualification： as HAVO but with a greater study load.

学校会评估学生在15岁时是否获得了基础中等教育成就目标（称为第一周期）中描述的知识、理解力和技能。然后，学生们进入第二周期学习，为进行具体的、差异化的期末考试做准备：

· VMBO，职前中等教育学历：包括必修公共部分（荷兰语、英语、社会科学Ⅰ、体育和艺术Ⅰ）、可选部分和特定专业部分（从工程和技术、护理和福利事业、商业或农业中选择）。

· HAVO，高级普通中等教育学历：包括如上所述的公共部分、专业部分和从学科组合中选择的可选部分（“科学与技术”“科学与健康”和“经济与社会”）。除了期末考试，学生们还必须完成一个项目，预计需要80个小时。

· VWO，大学预科学历：类似HAVO，但学习负担更重。

New Zealand 新西兰

The National Certificate of Educational Achievement （NCEA） is the main qualification at all levels of the senior secondary school. It allows a diverse range of students in an increasingly wide variety of courses in schools to have their achievements recognized and reported. Students completing Year 11—the final year of compulsory education （age 15/16） obtain credits towards the NCEA. Approved courses are listed in the New Zealand Qualifications Framework （NZQF）.

Students can achieve the NCEA from a wide range of studies within the school curriculum and beyond. Each subject is assessed externally and by internal assessment  using achievement standards developed by education， industry and national standards bodies. These standards are in place for general/academic （school curriculum） subjects and for vocational and technical subjects.

NCEA is intended to be a comprehensive record of what pupils achieve and a “launching pad” for their ongoing learning and future careers. It is standards-based and complements external assessment with internal assessment in all conventional school subjects at three levels （Level 1 NCEA， Level 2 NCEA， and Level 3 NCEA， broadly equivalent to Year 11， Year 12 and Year 13）.

教育評鉴国家级证书（NCEA）是高中各级的主要证书。它允许学校中越来越多不同课程的不同学生的成绩得到认可、获得报告。完成11年级，即义务教育最后一年（15/16岁）的学生能获得NCEA的学分。这些批准的课程通常列在新西兰资格认证框架（NZQF）中。

学生可以从学校课程内外的广泛学习中取得NCEA。每个科目都使用由教育、行业和国家标准机构制定的成绩标准进行外部评估和内部评估。这些标准适用于普通/学术（学校课程）科目以及职业和技术科目。

NCEA旨在全面记录学生的成绩，并为他们后续的学习和未来的职业生涯提供一个“跳板”。它以标准为基础，与所有传统学校课程三个级别（1级NCEA、2级NCEA和3级NCEA，大致相当于11年级、12年级和13年级）的外部评估和内部评估相辅相成。

Word Study

comprise /k?m'pra?z/ v. 包括;包含

The collection comprises 327 paintings.

domain /d?'me?n/ n. 领域，范围，范畴

Physics used to be very much a male domain.

administer /?d'm?n?st?（r）/ v. 管理;施行;执行

The questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers.

supervision /'sju?p?'v??n/ n. 监督;管理;指导

Children should not be left to play without supervision.

complement /'k?mpl?ment/ v. 补充;补足;使完美

The team needs players who complement each other .