安砚贞

The first Winter Olympics， the 1924 Winter Olympics， was held in Chamonix， France. The original five sports （broken into nine disciplines） were bobsleigh， curling， ice hockey， Nordic skiing （consisting of the disciplines military patrol1，  cross-country skiing， Nordic combined， and ski jumping）， and skating （consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating）.

[2] St. Moritz， Switzerland， was appointed by the IOC2 to host the second Olympic Winter Games in 1928.  Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history， a distinction she would hold for 74 years.

[3] The next Winter Olympics was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. This was less than in 1928 as the journey to Lake Placid， United States， was a long and expensive one for most competitors who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports. Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title， and Eddie Eagan， who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920， won the gold in the men’s bobsleigh event to become the first， and so far only， Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics.

[4] The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games. This would be the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut， but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals. Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games.

[5] World War II interrupted the celebrations of the Winter Olympics. The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo， Japan， but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China. The Games were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen， Germany， but the German invasion of Poland in 1939 forced the complete cancellation of the 1940 Games. Due to the ongoing war， the 1944 Games， originally scheduled for Cortina d’Ampezzo， Italy， were cancelled.

[6] St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948. Switzerland’s neutrality had protected the town during World War II， and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games， which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice. Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived， both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. There was unprecedented parity at these Games， during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any Games to that point.

[7] The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo， was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim， and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis. Bandy3， a popular sport in the Nordic countries， was featured as a demonstration sport， though only Norway， Sweden， and Finland fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals， which outpaced all the other nations. They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition.

[8] After not being able to host the Games in 1944， Cortina d’Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics. These were the first Winter Games to be televised， and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience， though no television rights would be sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events. The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact， winning more medals than any other nation.  Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia， when he placed second in the slalom.

[9] The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley， United States. Since the village was underdeveloped， there was a rush to construct infrastructure and sports facilities like an ice arena， speed-skating track， and a ski-jump hill. The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney.  The Squaw Valley Olympics had a number of notable firsts： it was the first winter Olympics to have a dedicated athletes’ village， it was the first to use a computer to tabulate results， and the first to feature female speed skating events. The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time， because the organising committee found it too expensive to build the bobsleigh run.

[10] The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort， warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was asked to transport snow and ice to the sport venues. Soviet speed-skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by sweeping all four speed-skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes. Luge was first contested in 1964.

[11] Held in the French town of Grenoble， the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. The organising committee sold television rights for US$2 million， which was more than double the price of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games. Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes’ villages. The organisers claimed this was required to accommodate technological advances. Critics disputed this， alleging that the layout was necessary to provide the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the expense of the athletes.

[12] The 1972 Winter Games， held in Sapporo， Japan， were the first to be hosted outside North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism became contentious during the Sapporo Games. Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest of their inability to use players from professional leagues. Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first （and so far only） Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal; he triumphed in the slalom.

[13] The 1976 Winter Olympics had been awarded in 1970 to Denver， United States， but in November 1972 the voters of the state of Colorado voted against public funding of the games by a 3 to 2 margin. The IOC opted to ask Innsbruck， which had maintained most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games. With half the time to prepare for the Games as intended， Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973. Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time the Austrian town had hosted the Games. The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track， in neighbouring Igls. The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.

[14] In 1980 the Olympics returned to Lake Placid， which had hosted the 1932 Games. American speed-skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or world record in each of the five events he competed in. Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country， Liechtenstein， became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist. In the “Miracle on Ice” the American hockey team beat the favoured Soviets， and then went on to win the gold medal.

[15] Sapporo， Japan， and Gothenburg， Sweden， were front-runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics. It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo， Yugoslavia， was selected as host. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won a silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. Their performance to Ravel’s Boléro earned the pair the gold medal after achieving unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression.

[16] In 1988， the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span 16 days. New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating; while future Olympic sports curling， short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their appearance as demonstration sports. For the first time the speed skating events were held indoors， on the Olympic Oval.

[17] The 1992 Games were hosted in the French Savoie region in the city of Albertville， though only 18 events were held in the city. The rest of the events were spread out over the Savoie.

[18] In 1986 the IOC had voted to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years. This change became effective for the 1994 Games， held in Lillehammer， Norway， which became the first Winter Olympics to be held separate from the Summer Games.

[19] The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2，000 athletes. The men’s ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time. Women’s ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal. A wave of new world records was set in speed skating because of the introduction of the clap skate.

[20] The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City， United States， hosting 77 nations and 2，399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports. These games were the first to take place since 11 September 2001， which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremonies of the games saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day， including the flag that flew at Ground Zero4.

[21] The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

[22] The IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver， thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. Over 2，500 athletes from 82 countries and regions participated in 86 events. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea， Japan and China.

[23] Sochi， Russia， was selected as the host city of the 2014 Winter Olympics. This was the first time that Russia hosted a Winter Olympics. Over 2800 athletes from 88 countries and regions participated in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. The 2014 Winter Olympics， the 22nd Winter Olympics， took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.

[24] The 2018 Winter Olympics took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in PyeongChang， South Korea. More than 2，900 athletes from 92 countries and regions participated in 102 events.

Beijing was elected on 31 July 2015 to be the host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics. It will be the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics

第一届冬季奥林匹克运动会（以下简称“冬奥会”）于1924年在法国沙莫尼举行。最开始的5大项运动（共分成9个小项目）是：雪车、冰壶、冰球、北欧滑雪（包括军事巡逻、越野滑雪、北欧两项和跳台滑雪）和滑冰（包括花样滑冰和速度滑冰）。

[2] 1928年，瑞士圣莫里茨被国际奥林匹克运动会委员会（以下简称“奥委会”）指定承办第二届冬奥会。不稳定的天气状况给东道国带来挑战。挪威的索尼娅·赫妮获得花样滑冰冠军，当时她才15岁，创造了历史。她成为历史上最年轻的奥运冠军，这一荣誉她保持了74年。

[3]接下来的一届冬奥会第一次由非欧洲国家举办。这次规模逊于1928年，因为当时正值大萧条期间，大多数运动员没什么钱，去往美国普莱西德湖的路途漫长而昂贵。运动员们竞技4大项共14个小项目的比赛。索尼娅·赫妮卫冕成功，1920年的奥运拳击冠军埃迪·伊根赢得了男子雪车项目的金牌，成为第一个、也是迄今为止唯一的一个既获得过夏季奥运会冠军、也获得过冬季奥运会冠军的运动员。

[4]德国的加米施和帕滕基兴两市联合举办了1936年的冬奥会。冬夏奥运会最后一次同年在同一个国家举办，高山滑雪首次登场，但是滑雪教练员被禁止参赛，因为他们被认为是职业运动员。由于这项决定，瑞士和奥地利滑雪运动员拒绝参赛。

[5]第二次世界大战使冬奥会中断。本来决定1940年的冬奥会由日本札幌市举办，但是由于日本入侵中国，1938年该项决定被撤销。然后举办地改到德国的加米施和帕滕基兴，但是由于德国在1939年入侵波兰，1940年的冬奥会最终被取消。……