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同位语用法小结和长句分析

2020-11-30陈小巍

中学课程辅导·高考版 2020年10期
关键词:同位语复合句主句

一、同位语

1. 定义

一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。

2. 同位语的用法

● 单词作同位语,通常有名词、代词、数词、形容词,动名词

This is my friend Harry. (名词Harry做同位语)

We both come from Hunan. (代词both作同位语)

People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. (形容词old and young作同位语)

The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. (动名词attacking at night作 plan同位语)

● 短语作同位语

(1) 使用不定式作同位语

He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. (to walk along...是the instruction的同位语)

(2) 使用介词短语作同位语

A boy is standing there in the field. (there和in the field就是同位语)

● 从句作同位语:

在主从复合句中,通常跟在某些抽象名词的后面,对该名词起解释说明作用的从句称为同位语从句。

(1) 抽象名词常见的有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question, wish, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等。

(2) 引导同位语从句的连接词有:that, whether, how, where, when, why等。

① 如同位语从句意义完整,应用that引导同位语从句。(即that 不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,不可省略)

The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved. 因为深信被爱,所以无上幸福。

I have been left with the knowledge that its better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed. 我现在从中懂得了这个道理,不抱任何期待比付出努力却最终失望要好。

The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the Court. 该车司机说自己没有看见卡车,但法庭对此并不相信。

② 如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加“是否”的含义,应用whether引导同位语从句。(if不能引导同位语从句)

The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。

③ 如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加“什么时候”“什么地点”“什么方式”等含义,应用what, when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。

She asked a question why there was a delay. 她问了发生延误的原因。

I have no idea what size shoes she wears. 我不知道她穿几号的鞋。

We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。

● 同位语从句和定语从句的区别

(1) 从句所修饰词的不同

同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词,定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。

(2) 连接词的作用不同

连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分,whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外,还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语等。引导定语从句的连接词是关系代词和关系副词。

(3) 从句作用的不同

定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点,对先行词起修饰、限定作用,描述先行词的性质或特征,与先行词之间是所属关系。同位语从句具有名词的特点,对中心词作进一步补充解释,是中心词的具体内容。

① We cant solve the problem how we can travel faster than light. 我們解决不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。

(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词the problem的具体内容,属于同位语从句)

② I cant remember the problem that they have. 我记不得他们的问题了。

(引导词that就是that引导的从句中have的宾语, the problem的具体内容也没有得到说明, 故本句中that引导的从句是修饰problem的定语从句)

二、长句分析

长句难句指在句子的主干上直接或间接地粘附着各种从属结构层,所含语法现象较多,如各种从句、非谓语动词。这些从属结构层层环扣,盘根错节,句中有句,构建了英语“参天大树”式的句子,但是我们可以用抽茧剥丝的方法,确定句子的主句。因此我们要熟练掌握分析长难句的方法,理解句子主要含义。

● 长难句分析步骤:

1. 首先确定句子是简单句、并列句或复合句。

2. 如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分,即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。

3. 如果是并列句,首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后将全句综合考虑。

4. 如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后确定从句的性质,即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构;最后整体考虑全句大意,尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

例句:

● With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA) in Salt Lake City. 据盐湖城的ITA的观点,闪烁的棕色眼睛,摇着尾巴,并有无条件的爱心,狗能成为无判断力的(忠实的)听者,这是要获得自信的初级阅读者所需要的。

【简析】 此句是简单句,主句是dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners,非谓语动词是needed和to gain confidence。

● Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the hightech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. 或许,表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身,印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。

【简析】 此句是复合句,how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper是how引导的宾语从句,which sees printing as one of its most promising new market是which 引导的定语从句。主句是The best sign comes from the hightech industry。

● They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous. 他们已有一千多年与外界没有联系,这给他们充足的时间来修建1000多座巨大的石像,被称为莫艾,因为有这个东西这个岛屿极其出名。

【简析】 此句是复合句,for which the island is most famous是which引导的定语从句,同时有giving them plenty of time和called moat两个非谓语动词,主句是They had no connection with the outside world.

● We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming while the upperclass Normans were doing most of the eating. 我们甚至对某些食物有不同的单词,特别是肉类,取决于它是长在田野里,还是在家里准备煮着吃,这就表明一个事实,即萨克森农民在农田干活,而上层阶级的诺曼人在大吃大喝。

【简析】 此句是复合句,whether it is still out in _____the fields or at home ready to be cooked是whether引导的宾语从句;which shows the fact是which 引导的定语从句;that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming 是that引导的同位语从句;while the upperclass Normans were doing most of the eating是while引导的状语从句;depending on 则是非谓语动词,句子的主句是We even have different words for some foods。

巩固练习

1. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt_____a cure for AIDS will be found.

A. which B. that

C. what D. whether

2. A warm thought suddenly came to me_____I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.

A. if B. when

C. that D. which

3. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class_____he had to meet his uncle at the airport.

A. why B. that

C. where D. because

4. Along with the letter was his promise_____he would visit me this coming Christmas.

A. which B. that

C. what D. whether

5. Danby left a word with my secretary_____he would call again in the afternoon.

A. who B. that

C. as D. which

參考答案

1—5 BCBBB

(作者:陈小巍,江苏省如皋市第一中学)

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