By V. M. Hillyer ——V. M. 希利尔

V. M. 希利爾（1875—1931），美国著名的儿童教育家、科普作家，创建了卡尔弗特教育体系。他为孩子们编写了一套趣味盎然的历史、地理、艺术读物，即《写给孩子看的世界历史》《写给孩子看的世界地理》《写给孩子看的艺术史》。本文选自《写给孩子看的艺术史》。

Have you a bicycle？ Where I used to live， most boys had bicycles. We used to ride our bicycles out to a field where we could play baseball. One afternoon one of the boys was late getting there. But when he did come he broke up the baseball game. He had left his bicycle at home and was driving a goat hitched to a little cart. At once all of us other boys wanted a goat too， even though a goat wasnt nearly so good for getting anywhere in a hurry.

And that is just like what happened three hundred years ago in England. An architect named Inigo Jones went to study architecture in Italy. He saw the Italian Renaissance buildings there. He studied the old Roman buildings， and when he got back to England he began designing Renaissance buildings. They were new to Englishmen， just as the goat was new to us boys， and every one wanted a Renaissance building just as all of us wanted a goat.

你有没有自行车呢？在我小的时候，几乎每一个小男孩人手一辆自行车。当时，我们常常骑车一起去打棒球。一天下午，有个小男孩来晚了。但是他一来就扰乱了棒球比赛，因为大家一见到他就马上停止了比赛。其中的原因是这个小男孩把自行车扔在家里了，他就在一辆小推车前拴了一只山羊，然后坐在小推车上，赶着山羊就过来了。突然之间，其他小男孩全都想要一只山羊，尽管山羊根本不适合赶路的时候用。

不过这种物以稀为贵的新鲜感不仅出现在这里，在300年前（本书出版于20世纪二三十年代，相距时间为300多年）的英国也出现了同样的情况。当时一个建筑师名叫伊尼戈·琼斯，他去意大利学习建筑时，看见了很多意大利文艺复兴式建筑，他还学习并研究了古罗马的建筑。等伊尼戈·琼斯回到英国之后，他就着手开始设计文艺复兴式建筑了。当时的文艺复兴式建筑对于英国人来说非常新鲜，人人都想有一栋文艺复兴式建筑，这就像那只山羊对我们那群小男孩的冲击一样，突然之间每个男孩都想有一只山羊。

Soon a great palace for the king， called the Palace of Whitehall， was designed in the Renaissance style. But the only part of the design that was built was the banqueting hall. This was Inigo Jones best-known piece of architecture. The Banqueting Hall of Whitehall became a famous building. It looks something like the Petit Trianon at Versailles. It was the first of many English buildings based on the Roman and Italian designs.

很快，文艺复兴式的风格就用在了为国王修建的王宫上，这座大型的宫殿名叫“怀特霍尔宫（白厅）”。不过，这整个设计中后来唯一修建的部分只有宴会厅。宴会厅是由伊尼戈·琼斯设计的，这也是他所设计的建筑中最有名的一件作品。怀特霍尔宫的宴会厅后来也成为非常著名的建筑，它看起来有点像凡尔赛宫庭院里的小特里亚农宫。怀特霍尔宫的宴会厅是英国第一座基于古罗马和意大利设计风格修建的建筑。

The Banqueting Hall is a good example of the outside not being the outside of the inside. The outside looks like a building with two stories， but there is only one story inside—just one big room with a balcony around the walls.

The Banqueting Hall is， however， a beautiful building both inside and out. Notice the Roman columns and the rusticated stone-work at the street level， just like the Italian Renaissance buildings. The Banqueting Hall is still called by that name， although it was used as a chapel for many years and finally turned into a museum.

怀特霍尔宫的宴会厅就是那种“建筑外部并不代表建筑内部结构”的最佳范例。这是因为怀特霍尔宫宴会厅从外部来看，像是一栋两层楼的建筑，但事实上，它的内部只有一层楼——只是一个在墙的四周有露台的大房间。

然而，怀特霍尔宫宴会厅的内部和外部都非常漂亮。你看看上面的那幅图片，临街那一面的罗马柱式和粗放雕琢的石艺风格，是不是有很典型的意大利文艺复兴式建筑的风格呢？虽然怀特霍尔宫的宴会厅在后来的许多年中都被用来做礼拜堂，而且最后又被改成了博物馆，但是“宴会厅”这个名字却一直沿用至今。

The next great architect in England after Inigo Jones wasnt an architect at all. At least， not at first. He was an astronomer and a college professor. He was Sir Christopher Wren.

Sir Christopher Wren became famous as an architect because of a fire. It was one of the biggest fires in the history of the world and happened in 1666. A building in London took fire. The fire spread to other buildings and could not be stopped. Soon a large part of London was burning down. “London Bridge Is Burning Down” would have made a good song for 1666. Besides London Bridge and thousands of other buildings， over fifty churches were burned. The biggest of these was old St Pauls Cathedral. Sir Christopher Wren was given the job of making new designs both for St Pauls and for the other churches.

Sir Christopher thought Gothic was a poor kind of architecture. He liked the Renaissance style and so he built the new St Pauls Cathedral as a Renaissance building.

在伊尼戈·瓊斯之后，英国又出现了另一位著名的建筑师，而他根本不是建筑师——至少最开始他不是学建筑出身。他本来是一名天文学家，也是一位大学教授。他就是克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士。

克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士是因为一场大火，才变成了著名的建筑师。1666年，一场大火发生在伦敦，是有史以来世界上最大的火灾之一。那时，伦敦突然有一栋大楼起火，并很快蔓延到了周边建筑，而丝毫没有要减灭的意思，人们也无法控制火势。很快，伦敦城内的大片建筑都被烧毁了。《伦敦大桥垮下来》这首歌放在1666年还是很应景的。因为伦敦大桥也被烧毁了。不只是伦敦大桥，还有数以万计的建筑都在这次火灾中化为灰烬，这其中也包括了超过五十座的教堂。这些教堂中，最大的一座便是有着悠久历史的圣保罗大教堂。灾难过后，克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士被委以重任——对圣保罗大教堂以及其他许多座教堂重新设计建造。

克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士认为哥特式建筑风格是一种差劲的建筑风格。而他喜欢的是文艺复兴式建筑，因此，他将新的圣保罗大教堂设计成了文艺复兴式风格的教堂。

Word Study

hitch /h?t?/ v. 拴住;套住;钩住

She hitched the pony to the gate.

Renaissance /r?'ne?sns; 美'ren?sɑ?ns/ n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14、15和16世纪时，人们以古希腊罗马的思想文化来繁荣文学艺术）

rusticated /'r?st?'ke?tid/ adj. 乡土型;淳朴的

chapel /'t??pl/ n. （基督教某些教派如英国的不从国教派教徒做礼拜的）教堂

Like the Gothic cathedrals， St Pauls is in the form of a cross. Over the crossing Sir Christopher erected a very large dome with a stone lantern on top. Really it is a three-in-one dome—an outside dome， an inside dome for a ceiling， and a brick dome between the other two. This brick dome between the other two was made to hold up the heavy stone lantern.

The outside of St Pauls has two orders of columns， one above the other like the Banqueting Hall. This makes St Pauls look better than St Peters in Rome， because the two orders give a better scale to judge the height by， than the one order of huge columns on St Peters.

旧的圣保罗大教堂与所有其他哥特式大教堂一样，也是十字形的建筑。克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士就在十字交叉的中厅上方，修建了一个非常巨大的圆拱顶，并且在圆拱顶上安放了一盏石制的顶灯。这个圆拱顶事实上有三层：最外面一层是真正从建筑外面可以看见的拱顶;最里面一层是衔接顶灯的天花板;而中间还有一层，这是一个砖砌的夹层，专门用来支撑石制顶灯的重量。

两排廊柱排列在圣保罗大教堂的外部，跟怀特霍尔宫的宴会厅一样，也是上下排列。也正是有了这两排廊柱，使得圣保罗大教堂与罗马的圣彼得教堂的一排高大廊柱相比更胜一筹。因为圣保罗大教堂主建筑的比例被这两排廊柱更好地衬托出来，使大教堂看起来也更加漂亮。

可惜，圣保罗大教堂在修建时出了些疏漏。墙壁的建筑材料偷工减料，随着时间的推移，墙体面临倒塌的危险，而整座建筑也随之变得非常危险。近一百年前，圣保罗大教堂关闭了一段时间，请来工匠加固地基以及巩固建筑的支撑结构。目前，圣保罗大教堂已经重新对公众开放，而且也已经足够坚固，不会倒塌了。

Unfortunately， St Pauls wasnt very carefully built. The walls were filled with poor materials and the building in time became unsafe. Several years ago it was closed while workmen strengthened the foundations and the supports. Now it is again open and strong enough not to collapse.

Sir Christopher Wren himself is buried in St Pauls. On his tomb， in Latin， is carved， “If you would see my monument， look around you.” St Pauls is indeed his monument， the great landmark of London and the largest cathedral in England.

As for Sir Christopher Wrens other churches， no two， of the more than fifty， are alike. Some are noted for the outside design， many for their beautiful interiors， and many more for their graceful steeples. In fact， Sir Christopher Wren is famous for his Renaissance steeples. People liked them so well that even in the American colonies churches were built with steeples that look like his designs.

克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士去世后就埋葬在圣保罗大教堂里。他的墓碑上刻有一行拉丁文，意思是“如果你想看我的纪念碑，就往自己的四周看看吧”。圣保罗大教堂的确是克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士的纪念碑，不仅如此，它也是伦敦最著名的地标性建筑，还是英国最大的教堂。

在克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士设计的其他五十多座教堂中，没有哪两座是相似的。这些教堂中有一些因为其外部设计而闻名，还有许多则由于其内部的精美而著称，而更多的教堂则是因为拥有造型优美的尖塔而备受瞩目。实际上，克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士最出名的地方，也正是他设计的文艺复兴式风格的尖塔。人们对他设计的尖塔非常喜爱，甚至在欧洲殖民的美洲土地上，他们的教堂也都建有类似的尖塔。

Books were now published giving the rules and designs for Renaissance architecture and many buildings were put up from designs and descriptions in these books. Palladios book on architecture was translated into English and was used by architects in both England and America.

Renaissance architecture was used after Sir Christopher Wrens death for many years in England. Under the kings George Ⅰ， George Ⅱ and George Ⅲ the English Renaissance architecture had reached a style all its own. This is called the Georgian style. Ill tell you more about the Georgian style when we come to American architecture.

今天，文藝复兴式建筑的规则和设计方法被很多书专门介绍，许多建筑也正是按照这些书中的规则和方法设计并修建起来的。在这些介绍建筑设计的书籍中，安德烈亚·帕拉第奥的关于建筑的书被译成了英文，许多英国和美国的建筑师都广泛运用着这本书中的建筑设计理论。

在英国，文艺复兴式建筑风格占据了主流很多年，在克里斯多佛·雷恩爵士去世之后仍然不衰。在英国乔治一世、二世和三世的统治期间，英国的文艺复兴式建筑逐渐形成了自己特有的风格，被后人称为“乔治式建筑风格”。待讲到美国建筑时，再给你具体讲讲乔治式建筑风格吧。

Word Study

erect /?'rekt/ v. 建立;建造

dome /d??m/ n. 穹顶;圆屋顶

collapse /k?'l?ps/ v. （突然）倒塌，坍塌

The roof collapsed under the weight of snow.

monument /'m?njum?nt/ n. 纪念碑（或馆、堂、像等）

A monument to him was erected in St Pauls Cathedral.

steeple /'sti?pl/ n. （教堂的）尖塔