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美国白人种族暴乱

2020-11-06亚瑟·H.加里森

英语世界 2020年10期
关键词:种族白人黑人

亚瑟·H.加里森

When a video was made public of four Minneapolis police officers on top of the face-down body of George Floyd, showing one officer with his knee on Floyds neck, choking him in the light of day, thousands of people in dozens of cities revolted for more than seven days.

The expression on the officers face displayed the problem of indifference to black life that dates back to the policies adopted by America as it rose from the ashes of the Civil War.

For 45 years after 1865, America entered the Second Industrial Revolution, which brought the rise of corporate industry and the robber barons1 who would lead the way to the American Century2. But while America built itself economically and internationally, it adopted and entered the golden age of Jim Crow.

One aspect of that golden age was the use of violence to destroy the advances blacks made during the Reconstruction era3. The paradox of American exceptionalism and greatness is that it melded the idea of individual freedom and government for the people, and not the other way around; with a multigenerational social policy4 that blacks by law (in the day) and by the Klan5 (at night) were prevented from growing with America.

Adult thinking acknowledges two things are true at the same time: America is a great nation based on great and noble principles, and it became great with the intentional adoption of the structural policy of racism.

This history of Jim Crow enforced by the Klan provides context for a hard truth: In America, race riots are used to settle social discontent. The origin of race rioting begins with southern whites, resenting black advancement, attacked them to disenfranchise6 them of both the vote and economic prosperity.

Race riots were not born in the 1960s; they were born in the 1870s. The Meridian, Mississippi race riot of 1871, the Colfax Massacre in Louisiana in April 1873, the New Orleans riot of July 1866, the Memphis, Tennessee riot of May 1866, the Charleston, South Carolina riot of September 1876 and the Wilmington, North Carolina race riot of 1898, to name a few, occurred under the passive and sometimes direct hand of the local police.

The result: The ability of the former slaves to create intergenerational wealth—the key to all success in a capitalist nation—was systematically destroyed for generations.

From the late 1890s through the 1920s, white race riots continued. In the 1921 Greenwood Riot, the entire black neighborhood of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, which was known as the black Wall Street, was burned to the ground. And in the Rosewood massacre of 1923, the entire neighborhood of Rosewood, Levy County, Florida was similarly destroyed.

These and other white race riots (Red Summer7 of 1919) not only took black lives and wiped whole black neighborhoods off the face of the earth, they ended black economic wealth that could be passed to subsequent generations. It also caused displacement of black expertise and talent, thwarting its concentration and increase.

This economic decimation8 of black wealth and social stability was made worse by the Great Depression9 and blacks being denied full access to the various New Deal10 programs of the 1930s and the benefits of the GI Bill11 in the 1940s. Thus, during the first four decades of the American Century, blacks were subjected to white race riots and social policies that destroyed their wealth.

The point is that while whites were allowed to create intergenerational wealth and form wealthy communities both before and after the world wars, blacks were, as a matter of policy, prevented from doing the same. The policy outcome of a century of Jim Crow is systemic racism.

One result of this policy outcome is the design of modern urban America. The modern American urban structure of neighborhoods—how they look and how they are designed—is the result of racial neighborhood exclusions (early 1900s), legal restrictive covenants (1920–1948), followed by racially restrictive covenants, in fact (1948–1968), and the FHA12 policies of red lining13 of black neighborhoods through the FHA (1934–1968), in conjunction with the practices of blockbusting14, real estate value manipulation, and racial steering by the insurance and real estate industry.

These Jim Crow policies concentrated blacks into urban neighborhoods during the Second Great Migration15.

This concentration and isolation was institutionalized through the policy choices of investment in public highways over public transportation; the isolation of neighborhoods by limiting the public transportation connection between these communities and the suburbs where middle-class jobs were being placed; the use of highways and street design to break connections between communities; and the policy of public education funding being tied to property values.

These policies explain the modern physical design and poverty concentration within various American neighborhoods. The legacy of these policies, along with the crime control policies of the 1980s and 1990s, explain and define the concept of structural, systemic racism and the resulting events in Baltimore, Ferguson, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and other metropolitan cities over the past four decades.

Margaret Thatcher said America is exceptional because it is the result of specific decisions made, not by a long march of thousands of years of history. She, of course, was correct.

光天化日之下,乔治·弗洛伊德脸朝下被明尼阿波利斯市四名警察按在地上,其中一名警察用膝盖跪压弗洛伊德颈部致其窒息,这一视频曝光后,数十个城市的成千上万民众掀起了抗议活动,至今已逾一周。

該名警察的面部表情传递出这样的信息:黑人的生命无关紧要,这一问题可以追溯至美国从内战之废墟中崛起时所采取的一系列政策。

1865年后的45年里,美国步入了第二次工业革命时期。其间,公司制生产制造业得以兴起,即将领头进入“美国世纪”的强盗资本家得以壮大。但是美国在进行经济建设和向国际化迈进的同时实行种族隔离,并步入了种族歧视的黄金时代。

这一黄金时代的一个特点就是利用暴力摧毁黑人在“重建时期”取得的各种进步。“美国例外论”及“美国伟大说”之悖论就在于,它将个人自由和政府为民的思想融合于而非对立于其世代沿袭的社会政策,即黑人(白天)受制于法律、(晚上)受制于三K党,不准与美国共发展。

理智地看,以下两点均为事实:美国是一个建立于伟大、高尚原则之上的伟大国度,其走向伟大的同时也在有意实施结构性种族主义政策。

这段由三K党施加的种族歧视历史导致了一个残酷的事实:在美国,种族暴乱被用来解决社会不满。种族暴乱源自南方白人,他们因愤恨黑人进步而攻击黑人,以剥夺他们的选举权和经济发展权。

种族暴乱并非始于20世纪60年代,而是19世纪70年代。在此仅举几例,1871年密西西比州默里迪恩市的种族暴乱、1873年4月路易斯安那州的“科尔法克斯大屠杀”、1866年7月新奥尔良市的暴乱、1866年5月田纳西州孟菲斯市的暴乱、1876年9月南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿市的暴乱、1898年北卡罗来纳州威尔明顿市的种族暴乱等等,都是在当地警察消极应对、有时是直接插手的情况下发生的。

结果就是:昔日黑奴创造累世财富的才能,即在资本主义国度获取一切成功的钥匙,被世世代代地、系统性地摧毁了。

从19世纪90年代末到20世纪20年代,白人种族暴乱一直没有中断。在1921年的“格林伍德暴乱”中,人称“黑人华尔街”的俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨市黑人居住区格林伍德被完全焚毁;在1923年的罗斯伍德大屠杀事件中,佛罗里达州莱维县的罗斯伍德社区也以类似方式被夷为平地。

这些暴力事件,连同其他白人种族暴乱(如1919年的“红色夏季”),不仅夺走了黑人的生命,将多个黑人居住区从地球上彻底抹去,还终结了黑人本可以传给后代的经济财富,也让黑人的专长和才华被取代,使其无法再汇集、增长。

这一系列事件是对黑人财富和社会稳定的经济剿杀。“大萧条”爆发后,20世纪30年代“新政”推行的各项计划及40年代《退伍军人权利法案》出台的各项优惠政策都将黑人拒之门外,这让情况进一步恶化。所以,在“美国世纪”的前40年,黑人一直经受着白人的种族暴乱,受制于摧毁其财富的社会政策。

问题的关键在于,在两次世界大战之前和之后,白人可以创造累世财富、建立富裕社区,而同时,黑人从政策层面就被禁止这样做。系统性的种族歧视——这就是百年来种族歧视的政策产物。

该政策产物带来的一个结果便是现代美国城市的设计格局。居住区种族排外制度的实行(20世纪初期),法律约束协议的实施(1920—1948),随之而来的事实上的种族约束协议的推行(1948—1968),美国联邦住房管理局针对黑人居住区的“红线”政策的实施(1934—1968),连同诱骗白人房产主削价抛售房地产,操控房地产价值,保险和房地产业按客户种族进行购买引导等手段的施行,造就了现代美国城市居住区结构——居住区的外观与格局。

这些种族歧视政策促使黑人在“第二次大迁徙”中集中入住城市居住区。

投资公路建设而非公共交通的政策选择,通过限制城内黑人社区与分布着中产阶级工作岗位的郊区之间实现公交衔接而形成居住区隔离,利用公路和街道规划来切断社区之间的联通,将公立教育拨款政策与不动产价值挂钩,这一切都使得黑人的聚集与隔离以制度的形式固定下来。

上述政策的实施解释了各式各样的美国居住区内部现代格局的由来和贫穷聚集的原因。这些政策连同20世纪八九十年代犯罪治理政策所产生的影响,解释并明确了结构性、系统性种族主义的概念,以及过去40年来巴尔的摩、弗格森、明尼阿波利斯、洛杉矶等大城市发生的暴力事件。

玛格丽特·撒切尔曾言,美国之所以是例外的,是因为它是特定决策的产物,而这些决策并非由长达数千年的历史进程作出。无疑,她的话是正确的。

(译者为“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛获奖者;单位:中华女子学院)

1 robber baron(用非法或不道德手段攫取大量钱财的)强盗贵族、强盗资本家。  2 美国世纪,指20世纪中期以来这段时期,美国的政治、经济、文化、军事影响力与日俱增,1991年苏联解体后更是成为世界唯一超级大国。该词于1941年由《时代周刊》共同创办人亨利·卢斯(Henry Luce)最先提出。

3重建时期,在美国历史上指1865年至1877年这段解决南北战争遗留问题的时期。 4 meld (sth) with sth(使)融合,合并,结合。   5三K党,美国奉行白人至上、歧视有色族裔的最悠久、最庞大的种族主义组织。全称为Ku Klux Klan,其中Ku Klux二词来源于希腊文Ku Kloo,意为集会,Klan是种族。因三个词头都是K,因而得名。  6 disenfranchise剥夺(某人)的权利(尤指选举权)。

7红色夏季,指1919年夏季至初秋美国发生的一系列血腥种族骚乱。骚乱在多达34个城市发生,以白人袭击非洲裔美国人为主,导致大量人员伤亡。

8 decimation大批杀死(某地区的动物、植物或人),大大削弱。  9大萧条,指1929年至1933年发源于美国并波及整个资本主义世界的经济危机。  10新政,指1933年富蘭克林·罗斯福(小罗斯福)就任美国总统后实行的一系列经济政策。  11 = GI Bill of Rights,也称Servicemens Readjustment Act,《退伍军人权利法案》,美国国会1944年颁布,旨在向二战后的退伍军人提供就业安置和教育资助等服务,以帮助其更好地适应平民生活。

12 = Federal Housing Administration美国联邦住房管理局,是“大萧条”时期罗斯福总统为了经济复苏推行“新政”的产物之一。  13 red lining红线(政策),是带有强烈种族歧视色彩的美国法规,指联邦政府机构、地方政府及银行、保险等私营部门用红线标示或圈定少数族裔特别是黑人集中的居住区,对其居民不予提供贷款、抵押、保险等商品或服务,或提高服务门槛和价格。该词最早出自1934年美国国会通过的《国民住房法案》(National Housing Act)。  14 blockbusting美国一个同种族歧视和阶级歧视有关的特殊用语。有些房产经纪人在有较高收入的或是白种的居民当中制造紧张气氛,说有穷人或黑人即将搬到这个住宅区居住,因此这里的房价会变贱,居民听到了,就会赶紧在房价下跌前把房子削价卖给经纪人。  15第二次大迁徙,发生在美国经济大萧条之后的1940年至1970年间,大约500余万非洲裔美国人从美国南部迁徙到东北部、中西部和西部的工业区,成为高度城市化人口。

Anti-Racism Quotes and Sayings

“Hating people because of their color is wrong. And it doesnt matter which color does the hating. Its just plain wrong.”

― Muhammad Ali

“My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me dont dip on nobodys side. Me dont dip on the black mans side nor the white mans side. Me dip on Gods side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.”

― Bob Marley

“No human race is superior; no religious faith is inferior. All collective judgments are wrong. Only racist make them.”

― Elie Wiesel

“Racism is beyond common sense and has no place in our society.”

― Steven Patrick Morrissey

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