刘耀辉

写好一篇书面表达，一个起关键作用的技巧就是如何组织好篇章结构。篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明、逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。优秀的书面表达都有个共性，就是布局合理、有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。

一、合理布局

开始部分（Opening paragraph）：说出文中的要点、核心问题;

正文部分 （Body paragraphs）：围绕主题开展叙述、讨论;

结尾部分（Concluding paragraph）：对全文的总结和概括;

要做到全文中心突出，段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯，前后呼应，去除与主题无关的内容。

我们通过下面的例子来学习、体会如何合理布局。

I am an active boy and I talk more than listen. （Opening paragraph）

When I talk with my friends， I'm always ready to express myself. I'm not afraid to tell others what I think. I am usually the focus of the attention because I often have lots of ideas that interest everyone. In my opinion， people should share and exchange each other's ideas. But when I am with the quiet people I feel the air is frozen. I'm always trying to find a topic and start a conversation. In this way， people will like me and feel happy. （Body paragraph）

In a word， I am optimistic and active and I can make everybody as confident as me. （Concluding paragraph）

二、確定主题句

主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头，然后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释和扩展。

写主题句应注意以下几点：

1. 归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点;

2. 提炼出一句具有概括性的语言;

3. 主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。

请看下面的例子，学习、体会如何确定主题句。

Something unpleasant happened to me on my way to the beach. In the morning， while I was waiting to buy a train ticket in the railway station， a bus driver came over to me. He told us he was also going to the beach， and the ride was cheap and it would be comfortable. I felt grateful and got on his bus. As I was talking happily on the way， the bus suddenly stopped. The driver said he needed two hours to repair the engine. But it actually took him four hours to finish his job， and other passengers and I spent the whole morning sweating in such a hot day！

主题句：Something unpleasant happened to me on my way to the beach.

几个要点：

1. I got on a bus. 2. The bus stopped on the way. 3. It took four hours to repair the engine.  4. I was sweating the whole morning.

三、学会使用连接词

要想使文章有整体性、连贯性和同一性，就要学会正确使用连接词。

在连句成文的过程中，要使用适当的连词把句子连接起来，使之上下连贯、呼应、通顺、简洁。一篇优秀的书面表达除了写好漂亮的句子，还要有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。文章的连贯性和紧凑感也是很重要的。

在写作时应学会使用以下常用的连接词：

1. 表并列补充关系：what is more， besides， also， as well， and...

2.表转折对比关系：but， however， yet， instead， on the other hand， though， although， not only... but also...， on the one hand... on the other hand， some... others...

3. 表因果关系：since， as， because （of）， for， so， as a result...

4. 表条件关系：if， as / so long as， unless， in case...

5. 表时间关系：when， after， before， until， as soon as， soon， lately， recently， since， from then on， at the same time， next...

6.表特定的顺序关系：above all， first of all， firstly， first， secondly， then， next， finally， in the end， at last， later...

7. 表进行举例说明：for example （=for instance）， like， such as...

8. 表陈述事实：in fact， actually， as a matter of fact， to tell you the truth...

9. 表目的：for this purpose， so that， in order that， in order to， so as to...

10. 表让步：although， though， even if， even though， as...

11. 表总结：on the whole， in short， all in all， in a word， generally speaking， finally...

四、欣赏典型例文，体会连接词的运用

例1：

We all know that different people go on the Internet for different purposes. And it's true that the Internet has provided plenty of information as well as many ways of entertainment. On the Internet we search for useful learning materials， get the latest news and use e-mail to keep in touch with friends. Besides， we can download software for use， or download music and movies for pleasure.

However， we should not spend too much time playing online games， give away personal information or make friends on the Internet before knowing them well enough.

In a word， we should keep in mind the rules mentioned above so that we can make good use of the Internet.

例2：

Dear Worried，

Thank you for writing to me. I'm sorry that you are worried about your science subjects.

When I was a senior student， I met the same problem. However， I decided that I should study arts instead. I'm not sorry about my choice because it allowed me to put my energy into what I was already good at.

Since you are at a crossroad in your life right now， I suggest that you yourself should decide which path to take. Why not tell your parents about your trouble and tell them there is no shame in studying the arts？ As long as you are interested in the art subjects and believe in yourself， I'm sure you will succeed at last.

【實战演练】

用括号内所给的词完成下面短文，注意篇章结构及上下文的连贯关系。

A

（finally， then， at first， after that）

I had a bad cold last week. ________， I had a running nose， but I did not take it seriously.

________ I began to cough. ________， I had a fever and felt weak. ________， I was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.

B

（and， but， finally， immediately， now， at first， one day， then， so）

The naughty boy in the story “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” has grown up. ________ he works as a weatherman in his village. ________ he studied the weather carefully ________ found that a storm was coming. ________， he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather， ________ no one believed him. ________， the weather was fine， ________ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. ________ the weather suddenly changed ________ a storm wind came. All the villagers tried to save the crops ________ it was too late. ________， the storm ruined all the crops.