张莉 张佩云

师者，传道授业解惑也。“解惑”不仅局限于教师课堂教学或课后习题的答疑，也包括某些学习阶段教师帮助学生发现问题，研讨问题并积极寻求解决办法。本节课是一节以学生为主体，通过探究英语构词法帮助学生记忆单词的研究性课程。针对学生提出在记单词过程中遇到的困难，引导学生尝试使用构词法帮助单词记忆（Abbreviation，Affixation，Conversion，Compound），解決学生提出的问题;同时引领学生探索体验尝试这四种构词法的应用，以此帮助学生实现成为积极学习者（active learner）的角色体验。

一、课前准备

本节课共分为四个部分，分别为缩略语（Abbreviation），词缀法（Affixation），词性转换法（Conversion）和复合词（Compound）。课前布置研究性课题，学生自愿报名。由学生自己选择研究方向，确定研究方向后，组织研究小组，教师作为指导者参与其中，并提出以下要求：1.明确本小组研究的内容，如定义、构成方式、常见例词等;2.设计活动，让尽可能多的学生参与其中;3.设计练习，让学生学以致用;4.制作课件，进行小组展示;5.与指导教师沟通，不断完善。

经过为期一周的准备，全班46人都参与其中，十几名小组负责人进行了各具特色的展示，在展示结束后都使用该部分构词法的词汇进行了总结。

二、课堂实录

Lead-in：Use a conversation between the teacher and a make-believe expert on language learning to introduce the topic.

（一）Abbreviation

Introduction：Abbreviation is a short form of word or expression.Affixation is a way to form new words by adding affixes.Conversion is a process of changing one word from one part of speech to another，eg.，change a none into a verb or vice versa.Compound is a noun or adjective，etc，that is made up of two or more words.

A：Well...Have you heard that the government is promoting the use of ETC throughout the country？

B：Of course！ My dad is actually applying for one online.

A：Wow！ So do you need to upload a picture of your ID card or something to get that？

B：Sure，and along with necessary proof of the car.The ETC card will be sent to our address by EMS in the end.

A：Now please pay attention to the red words on the screen.Obviously there are some similarities among them.

B：（Read the red words on the slide）Right.These are abbreviations.

Part I  What is an Abbreviation？

A：As we can see，abbreviation is a shortened form of words and phrases.Abbreviations can take various forms，and there isnt a rule that would strictly define how words should be shortened，because the purpose of using abbreviations may be saving space and time，avoiding repetition of long words and phrases，or simply fitting popular usage.

B：There are different ways to form abbreviations.

（1）Use the first or first few letters，such as Co.for？company.

（2）The most important letters of the word remain，such as？Ltd.for？limited.

（3）Take only the first and the last letter，just like？Dr.for？Doctor.

（4）Use the initials of the words in a phrase instead.Examples are BTW for by the way and ASAP for as soon as possible.

Part II  Create your own Abbreviations！

A：You may think that abbreviations are rather modern stuff that boomed because of technology and？text messages，but theyve actually helped us save space and time for thousands of years.Apparently，it takes a lot less effort to write SARS than to write “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.And another advantage is that it helps to remember.

B：Thats a good point！ Whats more，we can also create our own abbreviations！ Just remember to hold firm to a particular way of organizing your own word.As it will be for personal usage，you can use some symbols in the way you like.

A：Lets have a guess of some of the abbreviations created by our classmates together！

Part III  Conclusion

A：These self-created abbreviations are simple but rather impressive，and they also show us an accessible way to create interesting and practical abbreviations.

B：Nowadays，for instance，people focus on NBA，CBA or FIFA.And it has be come a daily routine to chat with friends using expressions like LOL and OMG.Some are always eager to pass the TOFEL & IELTS，while others dream of being a CIO or CEO or CFO—probably they should have focused more on a UFO.

A：As cultural exchanging is getting much further，we can see abbreviation everywhere in our lives.I wish everyone can apply the abbreviations to our daily study，and enjoy the fun of creating your own set of abbreviations！Thank you for listening！

教師总结：Good job.We can find abbreviation is common in our life.They can be used not only in the names of organizations，agencies，programs，but also in your names.We can carve our initials in the rings or necklaces.The initials of my name is ....What about you？ And when we talk about something secretly we can also use initials.

（二）Affixation

Introduction：Were here to introduce affixes to all of you.Are you tired of memorizing new words？ Dont worry .Were here to introduce an effective way.Have you noticed that there are a lot of words that look just similar？ Such as“export” and “import” ，and so on.We can notice that there are some identical components in these words.We may find the key to memorizing them easily .As we can see ，these words consist of “root”and “affix”.A very large number of words are formed in this way.So，lets learn some common affixes together.Lets look at the following examples.

1.tri-：three  trilogy  a series of three play （三部曲）

2.in-：negative incomparable the synonym is matchless（無与伦比的）

3.inter-：between  intercept  to stop sb./sth.that is going from one place to another place（截获）

4.homo-：the same  homosexual  to refer to a “gay”or a“lesbian”（同性恋的）

Affixes can fall into four groups——Numbers，Negatives，Directions and others.

Numbers

1.uni-：one     unique    being the only one of this kind（独一无二的）

2.bi-：two    bilingual   able to speak two languages equally well（双语的）

3.tri-：three    triangle    a shape with three sides and three angles（三角形）

4.penta-：five    pentagon   a shape with five sides and five angles（五角形）

……

Negatives

1.a-/ab-    abnormal   abuse

2.anti-     anti-social   anticancer   antiwar

3.de-      decode    break the code  （解码）

4.il-       illiterate  not knowing how to read or write （不识字的 ）

……

Directions

1.back-      backyard           2.fore-      forehead

3.cata-      catacomb           4.wise-   clockwise   counterclockwise

Others

1.let -little        piglet（小猪）       booklet（小册子）

2.ex- former      ex-girlfriend（前女友）

3.cyber- something related to information and computer  cyberspace（信息空间）

4.anthro- being related to human beings  anthropology（人类学）

And if you know the origin of some words，it will help to arouse your interest.One example is “man”.Originally it means something related to hand，and its exactly where “manual” comes from.And I want you to guess the next words meaning.In the past，people regarded men as a group of people who did a lot of work with hands.And there comes a question：“How did ‘woman come into use？” In fact，women were regarded as those who are always crying.And they are so“lazy” enough as to put the sound of crying “wowowo” in front of “man”.

Part I  Activity

Complete the story.Change the words into the proper forms by adding affixes.

Wearing his uniform（form），Xinxin went to work.He rode his bicycle（cycle）on the road and he was not so happy ，for his work was still left unfinished（finish）.At a turn of the road he ran across his ex-girlfriend（girlfriend），who was kissing a girl on the road.“Oh，my God.She was homosexual（sexual）.”Xinxin thought he was lucky that they had parted.

He continued riding.Suddenly ，when he got to a crossing ，a man rushed out.Although he almost hit  Xinxin ，he began to shout  at  the poor boy impolitely（politely）.He carried a camera with a tripod （pod）and he also led a piglet（pig）.Xinxin wanted to quarrel  with him .But he soon found that the mans words  were rude as well illogical （logical）.He could do nothing but keep silent.Whats worse ，the man hit him on his forehead （head）.What  a black day！

After the introduction ，have you already had some understandings of roots and affixes？ When were confronted with a new word，search for the words you have learned to get some familiar affixes，and progressively get the meaning of the new word.

Part II  Conclusion

Through the learning，we may already formulate some concept of affixation in our mind.Now lets put it into practice.I will go all out to make you believe that affixation is literally the most common way of making new words in English.It is often the case that we may encounter some words which we never met before in our daily English learning.But we still stand the chance that we can guess its meaning even though we dont know it at all.

教师总结：Good cooperation.They co-work，co-study and co-present their findings.Their presentation is meant to popularize some basic affixes.Try to enlarge your vocabulary by deepening your desire to learn more of them after class.

（三）Conversion

Introduction：As we all know ，in ancient Chinese，conversion is quite common.For example，皆白衣冠以送之……乃朝服，设九宾——《荆轲刺秦王》，in the first sentence means wearing white clothes and hats ，and the朝服in the next sentence means being dressed in，both are nouns changed into verbs.In English conversion is also quite common.Our presentation falls into 5 parts—transportation，character，body，animal，and others.

Part I  Transportation

Firstly ，lets come to some nouns about transportation.A train，all right？ Such vehicles as bus ，ship ，train ，truck ，plane ，and so on，have similar meanings.Turning into verbs ，they mean "go to someplace usually by this sort of vehicle".

Characters：mother，father，nurse，master，dwarf，partner

（1）She mothers two children and adopted a third.n.母親 → v.照顾

（2）A.G.Bell  is  thought  to  have fathered  the  phone.N.父亲→v.发明

（3）Dont  baby  your car.N.婴儿