许朗 陈玲红

摘 要：在水资源短缺的背景下，提高地下水超采区的灌溉用水效率意义重大。通过对地下水超采的重点治理区域津冀地区井灌农户玉米的生产与灌溉情况进行调研，运用随机前沿模型（SFA）与TOBIT模型，测算玉米种植的农业生产技术效率以及灌溉用水效率，从农民自身及家庭特征、农业生产特征、灌溉特征以及用水管理情况4个维度分析农业灌溉用水效率的影响因素。结果表明：与其他地区相比，地下水超采区玉米生产技术效率较高，但灌溉用水效率较低，有一定的节水潜力。对于地下水超采的井灌区，农民年龄、受教育年限、农业劳动人数、农业收入占家庭收入的比重以及灌溉方式对灌溉用水效率产生显著的影响;而农业生产特征、水资源紧缺认知程度、对节水灌溉技术的了解程度以及用水管理情况受井灌以及地下水超采的影响，对灌溉用水效率没有显著的作用。对于地下水超采的井灌区，应从农民自身以及家庭特征出发，发挥农户在灌溉中的能动作用，提高灌溉用水效率。

关键词：灌溉用水效率;SFA;TOBIT;地下水超采区

中图分类号：F323.213   文献标志码：A

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2020.07.032

Abstract：Under the background of water shortage， the objective is to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use in groundwater over-exploitation areas. Based on the investigation of corn production and irrigation of well irrigated farmers in Tianjin and Hebei Province， which is the key area of groundwater overdraft， the agricultural production technology efficiency and irrigation water efficiency of corn planting were calculated by using the stochastic frontier. The influencing factors of agricultural irrigation water use efficiency were divided into four dimensions of farmers and family characteristics， agricultural production characteristics， irrigation characteristics and water management and analyzed by Tobit model. The results show that the overall production technology efficiency is higher， but the irrigation water efficiency is lower， and there is a certain water saving potential. For the well irrigation area where groundwater is over-exploited， the age of farmers， the years of education， the number of agricultural workers， the proportion of agricultural income in household income and the way of irrigation have a significant impact on the efficiency of irrigation water use. However， the production conditions of farmers， the degree of water shortage， the understanding of water-saving irrigation technology and the situation of water management have no significant impact on the efficiency of irrigation water use due to the influence of well irrigation and groundwater overdraft. For the well irrigation area with over-exploitation of groundwater， countermeasures are put forward from the characteristics of farmers themselves and their families， so as to play the active role of farmers in irrigation and improve the efficiency of irrigation water use.

Key words： irrigation water efficiency; SFA; TOBIT; over-exploitation area of groundwater

我國是水资源贫乏的国家，人均水资源量仅为世界平均水平的1/4。同时，我国的水资源时空分布不平衡，黄淮海流域粮食产值占全国的三成，但平均水资源量不到全国的1/10，地下水超采现象较为普遍。

在压减地下水超采量的当下，作为地下水超采重点治理区域的津冀地区，地下水开采比例较大，而农业灌溉又是用水大户，所以减少津冀地区农业灌溉用水量、提高农业灌溉用水效率显得尤为重要。……