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普陀山,有意思

2020-08-14来其

文化交流 2020年8期
关键词:普陀山普陀桃花岛

来其

▲风土篇

几乎没有人不知晓普陀山,它的名气比舟山还响。到舟山旅游,会想到去普陀山并不稀奇,到宁波、杭州旅游的外省客人也有不少想着去普陀山呢。舟山的机场叫普陀山机场,早些年更是有人建议把舟山市改名为普陀山市呢。

震旦第一佛国,第一人间清净地——四大佛教名山中,观音道场普陀山的人气爆棚。

独一无二的树

说来也怪,其他像普陀山这般的小岛,大多难以见到成片树林,唯独普陀山,岛上树木丰茂,古樟遍布,还有世界上最稀有的树——普陀鹅耳枥,全球仅此一棵野生,属国家一级濒危物种,根据IUCN(国际自然及自然资源保护联盟)物种濒危等级,属极度濒危物种。

为何全球仅此一棵?因为普陀鹅耳枥雌雄同株,浅红色的雌花与淡黄色的雄花不是同时开放,故授粉率极低。难得一颗种子,种子落地后又易腐烂,出苗率自然很低,所以在野生状态下,它一直没有繁衍。

在普陀山,哪怕是一草一木,都会有些与佛相关的故事。

就说这棵普陀鹅耳枥吧,据说它是缅甸僧人约两百年前上山朝拜时带来的。带来时谁也没把它当一回事,不就是一棵树嘛,种植到佛顶山慧濟寺后面空地上,让它享受佛光普照,已是天大的福分了。直到后来植物分类学家钟观光发现了它,考证出它是“地球独子”,才使得舟山人民如获至宝。

20世纪80年代开始培育普陀鹅耳枥,培育经过也很神奇。先是缩短雌花和雄花的开花间隔期,这在现代科技条件下不难做到,可普陀鹅耳枥开花期正值台风期,大风一刮加上雨水一淋,还是无法授粉。

巧的是有几年舟山连续几年没刮台风,这样就结出了一批种子,这批种子又培育出67株幼苗,“地球独子”终于不会“绝后”了。

如此神奇的普陀鹅耳枥,舟山人居然没有选它做市树。

舟山市树叫舟山新木姜子——且慢,“舟山”两个字删不得,因为它是舟山特有树种。

舟山新木姜子有个俗名叫佛光树。每年农历二月十九观音大士诞辰,它的幼嫩枝叶上长满了金黄色的绢状柔毛,在阳光照耀下闪闪发光,就如寺庙里和尚的袈裟,所以就叫作“佛光树”。

舟山新木姜子是全球木本植物中唯一以“舟山”冠名的树种。现在你该明白为何不选普陀鹅耳枥当市树了吧!

普慧庵外有一棵香樟树,900多岁了,是普陀山现有1221棵古树中年龄最大的。有一年,有一个300多人的进香团,就曾专程来叩拜这棵香樟树。

到普陀山,看见古树都可以拜一拜,在善男信女眼中,古树见过的佛,比你多得多了。

普陀山与南海的关系

普陀山在东海,为什么称“南海普陀山”?

有人说这是因为《史记·秦始皇本纪》有“会稽,祭大禹,望于南海”的记载,以为古代称普陀山这边的海域为南海;也有人说,中国历代帝王大都在北京建都,习惯把南方的海域都称为南海。

这统统错了。原因很简单,观音在古天竺就被称为南海观音,所以在元初,普陀山和尚如智向朝廷提出,观音应沿用古天竺的名号,称南海观音,普陀山既然是观音道场,亦应改称南海普陀山。从此普陀山就叫南海普陀山了。

上普陀山游玩前,不了解点佛教知识,虽不能说不行,但也太遗憾了,许多东西你会看不懂。

文人的贡献

历代文人于普陀山,贡献不少。

元代著名书法家赵孟頫,受朝廷指派,来普陀山为《昌国州宝陀寺记》“书丹”(抄写诏书)于碑。而他的夫人管道升,也就是那位写爱情绝唱“你侬我侬,忒煞情多,情多处,热如火”(《我侬词》)的才女,写过一篇《观世音菩萨传略》。

以她写的传略为基础,就有了最为中国民间所接受的观音故事——妙庄王三公主妙善,为治父亲病,甘心断臂,历尽磨难,修成正果。

1962年秋,郭沫若来普陀山,出了一上联“佛顶山顶佛”,叫人对下联。他的秘书对了“天一阁一天”,郭沫若摇摇头不以为然。一位乡村干部以“云扶石扶云”相对,赢得郭沫若点头赞赏。

云扶石是普陀山奇石之一,在去佛顶山的香云路上。连白云都来扶此石,听上去应该高耸险峻,其实它所在位置海拔并不太高,只因它是由两石相摞,上石如欹钟,下石如方棋,斜倾欲坠,才让人觉得云彩都得来扶它了。

金庸第一次来舟山是1994年4月6日,那次他没上桃花岛,只去了普陀山。

听说从普陀山到桃花岛坐快艇只要几十分钟时间,他有点遗憾地说:“桃花岛在我书中所占的位置不轻呵!这次时间太紧了!”

在佛顶山,有人朝远处指点着对金庸说:“看,那就是桃花岛。”远远看去,在普陀山东南的海面上,桃花岛如蓝色棋盘上的一粒棋子,清晰可见。金庸先生兴奋起来:“呵,这就是桃花岛吗?”他凝神看了一会儿,转身招呼摄影师给他摄影留念。

从佛顶山下来,金庸遇到了特意赶来的桃花镇文化站负责人周威文。周威文说:“金庸先生虽然来不了桃花岛,但我们无论如何得表达一下自己的心意啊!”“心意”是一张桃花岛地图和几本《桃花岛民间传说故事》。金庸欣然接受了,提笔在宣纸上题写“碧海金沙桃花岛”七个字。

明故宫唯一存世的建筑

普陀山有一座多宝塔,建于元顺帝元统二年(1334年),是当时普陀山僧人孚中,向南京藩王宣让王募捐建成的。此塔又名“太子塔”。

这座多宝塔,用太湖石砌成,方形,5层,高32米,有台无檐。每层塔的四面雕有佛龛。佛龛内,供奉着“全跏趺坐式佛像”,此坐姿即两足交叉置于左右股上,俗称“双盘”。

它是普陀山现存最古老的建筑,是浙江现已发现的石结构方塔中最为精美的一座。

很少有人知道,南京明代故宫唯一存世的建筑物在普陀山,那就是法雨寺的大圆通殿,包括琉璃瓦、雕龙柱磉和九龙藻井都是当时从明故宫里拆移过来的。

康熙三十八年(1699年)春,皇帝南巡至杭州,接见了法雨寺住持性统,下发“拆金陵旧殿以赐”的圣旨。

Putuo is full of ancient trees. To be exactly, there are 1,221 trees listed as ancient trees on the islet. The oldest is a 900-year-old camphor tree outside Puhui Nunnery. These trees have seen more Buddhas than a visitor can imagine.

Mount Putuo and South Sea

Guanyin is known as Guanyin of South Sea to all the Guanyin worshippers. Mount Putuo is in the East China Sea. East Sea and South Sea are different. Why is the Goddess of Mercy of South Sea in East China Sea? One explanation is that Guanyin is a goddess of south sea in the original India. In the early Yuan Dynasty, a monk in Putuo proposed to the court that Guanyin should be known as Guanyin of South Sea. The proposal was approved.

A Grand Hall from the Forbidden City of the Ming

It is little known to the world that Dayuantong Hall (the Grand Hall of Universal Understanding) at Fayu Temple in Putuo is a reconstruction of a hall from the Forbidden City in Nanjing, the capital city of the Ming (1368-1644) before a coup and then relocation to Beijing in the north in 1421. In 1699, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) visited Hangzhou during his inspection tour to the south. He granted an interview with the abbot of the Fayu Temple and issued a royal edict that an old hall from the Forbidden City in Nanjing be relocated to Fayu Temple as a royal gift.

Famed Food

A few grand temples in Putuo operate vegetarian restaurants that cater to the public. All the dishes on the menus are priced low and all the dishes are vegetarian. However, these temple restaurants design menus that sound weirdly unorthodox: the menus have fish and meat, but these names are deceptive. All the fish and meat dishes on the menus are actually made of vegetables.

Mount Putuo holds a 1000-guest vegetarian banquet outside Putuo regularly. So far, the annual event has been held in Quanzhou, Shishi, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Sanming in Fujian Province, Dalian in Liaoning Province in the north, and Shenzhen in the south, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

Temples on the islet also offer cakes and pies as takeouts to pilgrims who bring the snacks back to where they come from.

Typhoons

As Zhoushan is in East China Sea where typhoons visit in the summer frequently, Putuo is often impacted by storms. However, over the past few years, typhoons havent made their landfalls in Zhoushan for some reasons. A few years ago, a typhoon had reached Zhujiajian, a small islet about 2,500 meters from Putuo Island. Had the typhoon moved a little bit closer, it would have certainly reached the 33-meter-tall South Sea Guanyin Statue on Putuo. But the typhoon made a turn of 90 degrees and went away. When the typhoons bizarre route was later published online, many people were astonished and puzzled. They couldnt help but wonder why the storm changed its mind and made such an abrupt turn. Some suggest that typhoons have shied away from Putuo since the statue of Guanyin of South Sea was installed on Putuo. Many people believe it is a pure coincidence. But many believe the heaven moves in mysterious ways and who could seriously dismiss the superstitious idea that typhoons stay away respectfully.

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