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老挝铜鼓文化调查与研究

2020-07-19卫彦雄李富强欧江玲

东南亚纵横 2020年4期
关键词:历史文化

卫彦雄 李富强 欧江玲

摘要:老挝拥有各种类型的铜鼓,虽然多寡不一,但种类齐全,而且与中国及其他相关国家的铜鼓相比,其纹饰既有共同性,又有一些地方与民族特色。综观老挝铜鼓资料,我们大体可以推断,老挝人在相当于中国汉代或稍后的时期已经开始使用铜鼓。老挝最初使用铜鼓的可能是老龙系民族,大量使用铜鼓的可能是中国唐代之后的老听系的一些民族。后来,老松系的一些民族迁到老挝后,也加入了使用铜鼓的老挝民族之列。老挝现代民间依然保存有许多古代铜鼓,特别是在北方比较多。现在还保存并使用铜鼓的民族包括克木族、泰族、拉篾族、苗族和瑶族等,民间保存铜鼓最多且时常使用铜鼓的民族是克木族。克木族使用铜鼓的仪式和习俗等代表了当代老挝“活”的铜鼓文化的主体。

关键词:老挝;铜鼓;历史;民族;文化

[中图分类号] G133.4            [文献标识码]  A                [文章编号] 1003-2479(2020)04-097-07

Abstract: Laos has various types of bronze drums. Their number may vary, but the range is full.Compared with those from China and other countries, their decoration has both commonalities, and some local ethnic characteristics. It can be, based on the data of the Laotian bronze drum, roughly inferred that the Lao people began to use the bronze drum in Chinas Han Dynasty or later. The earliest use of bronze drums in Laos may have been from the Lao Loum ethnic group. The extensive use of it may have occurred after the Tang Dynasty when the masters were some ethnic groups of the Lao Theung group. Later, some ethnic groups of the Lao Sung family moved to Laos and joined the group that used bronze drums in Laos. There are still many ancient bronze drums in modern Laos, especially in the north. At present, some ethnic groups that still keep and use bronze drums include Khmu, Thai, Lamei,Miao and Yao. The ritual and custom of the Khmu people using the bronze drum represent the main body of the “living” bronze drum culture in contemporary Laos.

Key Words: Lao; Bronze Drums; History; Ethnicity; Culture

老撾旧称“寮国”, 位于中南半岛北部, 北邻中国,南接柬埔寨, 东邻越南, 西北与缅甸接壤, 西南毗连泰国,是中南半岛唯一的内陆国家。老挝自然资源十分丰富,湄公河流经其西部1900千米。老挝属热带、亚热带季风气候,每年5—10月为雨季,11月至次年4月为旱季,年平均气温约为26℃,年降水量为1250毫米~3750毫米,优越的自然条件非常适合农业的发展。自古以来,老挝即是一个以稻作农业为主的国家。

老挝是拥有铜鼓较多的国家之一。铜鼓文化是老挝民族历史文化的重要特色,对老挝铜鼓的调查研究有助于了解老挝民族历史文化的重要内涵与意义。……

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