张苏秋

一、引 言

改革开放40多年来，中国培育了一个价值近4 000亿元的艺术市场，个体的消费结构进入快速转型期，文化艺术消费迅速崛起，逐步迈向艺术参与、艺术消费的大众化。个体对美好生活的向往和不充分不平衡发展之间的矛盾已成为社会的主要矛盾，如何又好又快地解决这一矛盾，增加人民的幸福感，是实践工作者的关键任务，也是理论研究的重要课题。然而幸福与否既受客观因素的影响，又具有主观性，(1)Brajša-Žganec, Andreja, Marina Merkaš & Iva verko, “Quality of Life and Leisure Activities: How Do Leisure Activities Contribute to Subjective Well-being?”, Social Indicators Research, Vol.102, No.1, 2011, pp.81-91.物质的充裕未必是生活幸福的充分必要条件。冯骥才曾经在答记者问时说过，文化要承担的责任就是使人们精神幸福。那么，在坚持文化自信道路的同时，深耕文化艺术活动对个体幸福的影响，有助于找出上述矛盾的解决之道和艺术服务生活的作用方式。

实际上，个体生活的主观体验或主观幸福感是衡量其生活质量的科学方法之一，(2)Ed Diener & Eunkook Suh, “Measuring Quality of Life: Economic, Social, and Subjective Indicators”, Social Indicators Research, Vol.40, No.2, 1997, pp.189-216.具体包括个体的情绪反应、对特定生活的满意度和对生活总体的满意度。(3)Diener, E., Suh, E.M., Lucas, R.E., & Smith, H.L., “Subjective Well-being: Three Decades of Progress”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol.125, No.2, 1999, p.276.影响个体主观幸福感的因素非常多，大致可以分为自下而上(如外部事件和人口统计因素)和自上而下(内部过程和结构)两类。(4)Ryan, Richard M., & Edward L.Deci., “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-being”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.52, No.1, 2001, pp.141-166.Oishi等指出，一旦个体满足了基本生理需求，影响主观幸福感的文化因素就变得格外重要。(5)Oishi, S., Diener, E., Lucas, R.E., & Suh, E.M., “Cross-cultural Variations in Predictors of Life Satisfaction: Perspectives from Needs and Values”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol.25, No.8, 1999, pp.980-990.文化是影响幸福的重要因素，(6)Ye, Dezhu, Yew-Kwang Ng, & Yujun Lian, “Culture and Happiness”, Social Indicators Research, Vol.123, No.2, 2015, pp.519-547.艺术也对幸福感具有积极影响。(7)Fujiwara, Daniel,Museums and Happiness: The Value of Participating in Museums and the Arts, London:London School of Economics,2013,pp.9-19.(8)Powdthavee, Nattavudh, “Would You Like to Know What Makes People Happy? An Overview of the Datasets on Subjective Well-being”, Australian Economic Review, Vol.48, No.3, 2015, pp.314-320.因为艺术本身就具有使人愉悦和逃离现实的作用，能够影响人的幸福感。(9)McCarthy, K.F., Ondaatje, E.H., Zakaras, L., & Brooks, A., Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate about the Benefits of the Arts, Santa Monica, CA:Rand Corporation, 2001,pp.8-16.有实证研究表明文化艺术对个体主观幸福的积极作用仅次于健康状况。……