叶小琴　刘彦修

摘 要：积极刑法立法观指导了近年来的刑事立法，组织考试作弊罪的增设便是典型体现。综合评价积极刑法立法观不仅要从刑法教义学角度论证，更需要结合司法实务进行检验。实证研究表明，组织考试作弊罪在司法实践中呈现过度犯罪化趋势，主要表现为既遂标准前置化、考试范围扩大化、两法边界模糊化和量刑情节混乱化。因此，积极刑法立法观无法弥合立法上犯罪化与司法上犯罪化之间的裂隙，也无法与法益理论形成自洽。由此，应在司法中寻找积极刑法立法观的完善出路，明晰组织考试作弊罪“情节恶劣”的入罪标准、量刑原则和确定既遂标准。

关键词：积极刑法立法观;犯罪化;组织考试作弊罪;立法与司法的互动;实证研究

中图分类号：DF01

文献标识码：A

文章编号：1000-5099（2019）04-0074-08

Judicial Review and Reflection on Positive View of Legislation

of Criminal Law： An Empirical Study Based on 158 Cases of

Organizational Cheating in Examination

YE Xiaoqin， LIU Yanxiu

（School of Law， Wuhan University， Wuhan， Hubei， 4300072， China）

Abstract：The positive view of legislation of criminal law has guided the criminal legislation in recent years. The addition of the crime of organizing cheating in exams is a typical embodiment. The comprehensive evaluation of positive view of legislation of criminal law should not only be demonstrated from the perspective of criminal law teaching， but also needs to be tested in combination with judicial practice. The empirical research shows that the crime of organizing cheating in exams shows a tendency of excessive criminalization in judicial practice， which is mainly manifested by the pre-standardization of accomplished offence， the expansion of examination scope， the blurring of the boundary between laws， and the confusion of sentencing. Therefore， the positive view of legislation of criminal law cannot bridge the gap between the criminalization of the legislation and the criminalization of the judiciary， nor can it form a self-consistency with the legal theory of justice. Therefore， it is necessary to find a perfect way out for the positive view of legislation of criminal law in the judiciary， and clarify the criteria for the serious crime of cheating in exams， the principle of sentencing and the criteria for determining the standards of accomplished offence.

Key words：positive view of legislation of criminal law; criminalization; crime of organizing examination cheating; legislative and judicial interaction; empirical research

《刑法修正案（九）》新增組织考试作弊罪标志着考试作弊行为犯罪化的开始，而这一立法现象也正是积极刑法立法观的反映。首先，在指导思想层面，组织考试作弊罪的设立表明刑法开始介入到公民道德价值领域。而一旦在立法思想上强调刑法对社会生活的“引领和推动作用”，传统刑法所秉持的刑法保障法地位、刑法谦抑性将面临挑战，预防刑法就会获得快速发展的思想支撑。[1]其次，在刑法适用界限层面，组织考试作弊罪的适用大大压缩了行政处罚的范围，模糊了刑法与行政法的界限。如治安管理处罚法并没有规定“替考”行为的处罚，刑法直接将其规定为犯罪，展示了刑法强势介入社会管控的姿态。……