刘坤 王金 杜志元 沈鹏

摘要：在所有海洋装备中，大深度载人潜水器代表深海技术的制高点，而大深度载人潜水器的研制所要解决的关键问题之一就是浮力材料的选择。文章概述浮力材料的分类以及浮力材料在三代大深度载人潜水器上的应用情况，并对能够满足大深度尤其是全海深载人潜水器需求的浮力材料进行对比研究。研究结果表明：微珠复合泡沫虽然能满足7 000 m载人潜水器的需求，但应用在全海深载人潜水器时存在密度大和吸水率高的缺点，且不能满足15倍安全压力要求;陶瓷等新型浮力材料的密度小和吸水率低，是未来浮力材料的重要发展方向。本研究可为大深度载人潜水器浮力材料的选择提供一定的理论支持。

关键词：载人潜水器;固体浮力材料;微珠复合泡沫;陶瓷浮球;深海大洋

中图分类号：TB3;P7545文献标志码：A文章编号：1005-9857（2019）12-0067-04

Application Status and Developing Trend of Buoyancy Materials for Large Depth Manned Submersibles

LIU Kun1，WANG Jin2，DU Zhiyuan1，SHEN Peng1

（1Technology Department，National Deep Sea Center，Qingdao 266237，China;

2Qingdao Teltel New Energy Technology Co，Ltd，Qingdao 266100，China）

Abstract：Within all the deep sea investigation platforms，manned submersible represents the highest technology challenge.In the design of the large depth manned submersible，buoyancy material is one of the key issues to be solved.In this paper，the classification of buoyancy materials was summarized，the application of buoyancy materials on the threegeneration deep manned submersibles was discussed，and the buoyancy materials with large depths，especially those that met the requirements of deep sea manned submersibles was studied.Through research，the main conclusion was that although the microbead composite foam could meet the requirements of the 7 000 m manned submersible，it had the disadvantages of high density and high water absorption when it was applied to the whole sea deep manned submersible，and could not meet 15 times of safety factor requirements.New buoyancy materials such as ceramics have low density and low water absorption，which is an important developing direction of buoyancy materials in the future.This study may lay a foundation for selection of buoyancy materials of the large depth manned submersible.

Key words：Manned submersibles，Buoyancy material，Epoxy resin，Fracture，Deep ocean

0引言

載人潜水器具有携带潜航员和科学家在海底近距离操纵和观察的特点，已成为深海探测和研究的重要装备之一。继美国、俄罗斯、法国和日本之后，我国也开展了大深度载人潜水器的研究和应用工作，目前已研制“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号2艘大深度载人潜水器。

载人潜水器具备上浮和下潜的能力，一般采用无动力上浮技术，因此需要浮力材料提供上浮动力[1]。作为重要的基础材料，浮力材料是大深度载人潜水器的关键核心材料，其性能直接关系到大深度载人潜水器的可靠性和安全性，是大深度载人潜水器技术水平的重要标志之一。……