杜锐

七选五题型是高考英语阅读理解部分的重要内容。它在检测学生语言能力的基础上，注重考查学生的思维品质，尤其是逻辑思维水平，因此广受命题人的青睐。全国卷、北京卷、浙江卷等试卷上均有此题型。如何高效地解决此题，笔者认为以下四招可以助大家一臂之力。

一、分析语篇结构

（一）分析宏观语篇结构

英语语篇常见的结构有：（1）一般—特殊型;（2）问题—解决型;（3）比较—匹配型;（4）主张—反主张型。

一般—特殊型是七选五题型中最常见、最具代表性的语篇结构，因为七选五题型的语篇多是告诉人们如何学习，如何做事以及如何生活的说明文或议论文，它们多以概括—举例或整体—细节形式展开。在作答七选五题型时，如果能在宏观结构上驾驭语篇，迅速明确主题段与分论段，同时观察、分析各分论段的修辞特征，以及分论段与主题段的关系，就能够迅速缩小选择范围，进而选定正确答案。通常，与宏观语篇分析匹配的题目是标题句或段落主题句。

例1.（2018全国卷I）①… But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones， the medium ones， and the large ones.

②    38    . Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows， mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. …

③Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas， dinner tables or bookshelves. …

④The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls， ceilings， and floors. …

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure， because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【解析】段落①可以說是一个总起段落，提出论点：你在颜色方面所做的决定只需包括三方面，即微观、中观以及宏观。接下来段落③④分别阐述了中观以及宏观决定，那么可以确定②应该是有关微观方面的决定，于是可以确定正确答案为D。

（二）分析中观段落结构

分析中观段落结构，需要我们明确段落中每一句话的作用，以及句与句之间的关系。这句话是主题句、过渡句还是总结句？这句话与前后句在语义上是否存在联系？存在什么样的联系？通常情况下，语篇会在段落的开头、中间或末尾设空，意在考查考生对主题句、过渡句以及总结句的识别。

例2.（2018全国卷III）   36    We dance from Florida to Alaska， from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings， birthdays， office parties and just to fill the time.

A. So why do we dance？

B. Dance in the U.S. is everywhere.

C. If you like dancing outdoors， come to America.

D. My older students say it makes them feel young.

E. I keep practicing even when Im extremely tired.

F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G. They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

【解析】设空句后面的两句话形成并列关系，描述“我们”跳舞地域范围之广，那么首句作为主题句必定要照应后面的描述。基于此种分析，可以选定正确答案B。

（三）分析微观句子结构

分析微观句子结构，主要是看设空句是一个完整的句子，还是仅为这个句子的一部分。如果是后者，就要观察设空句前后是否有连词。如果没有连词，那么设空句应是短语或是带有连词的从句。基于这种分析，考生可以迅速缩小选择范围。

例3.（2018全国卷I）Do you want a room thats full of life？ Professional？ Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day？   36   ， color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.   37   ， they can get a little complex.

【解析】通过36、37 两空后的逗点，可以确定这两个设空句不是完整的句子。进一步观察，发现其后的句子没有连词，所以两个设空句必是短语或是带连词的从句。这样可以把选择范围缩小到三个选项（其余选项可以参考例1）。

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever youre looking for

C. If youre experimenting with a color

二、瞩目词汇复现

词汇复现是语篇衔接的有效手段。笔者用以下例子说明什么是词汇复现。

例：This is a boy finishing his homework in the classroom.

①The boy is going to be punished if he doesnt finish the homework. （原词复现）

②The lad is going to be punished if he doesnt finish the homework. （同義词复现）

③The child is going to be punished if he doesnt finish homework.（同畴词复现）

④If unfinished before 7 pm， the relevant materials are too difficult. （同根词复现）

⑤The teacher also stays， helping others solve the difficult problems. （同主题词复现）

在上例中，①②③⑤中的画线词分别是boy的原词、同义词、同畴词和同主题词。④中的画线词为finishing的同根词。正是这些词，使得①②③④⑤与例句形成形式上的衔接，实现语义上的连贯。

这里有必要解释一下同畴词与同主题词。所谓同畴词，就是指同一范畴里的词。如fruit，apple，pear，orange都是水果范畴里的词，其中fruit 是上义词，apple，pear，orange是下义词。而同主题词是指围绕同一主题在意义上相关联的词群，如school，teacher，student，headmaster，class，test，fall，pass，maths，learn等以互补关系构成以学校为主题的词群;love，kind，hatred，cruel等以反义关系构成以爱或恨为主题的词群。同主题词复现在语篇分析学中也称作词汇同现。

词汇复现是语篇衔接的一个重要手段，七选五题型在某种程度上就是考查语篇的衔接与语义的连贯。因此，利用词汇复现解题十分有效。

例4.（2018全国卷I）Do you want a room thats full of life？ Professional？ Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day？   36   ， color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

B. Whatever youre looking for

【解析】正确答案B中的looking for 与前一句的looking for形成原词复现。

例5.（2018湖北省襄阳市元月统考试题）Doing some exercises in the day should help you feel tired.    37    . However， coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake.

A. A bedtime drink can also help

【解析】正确答案A中的drink与其后的coffee，tea形成了同畴词复现。

近五年的八套全国新课标考卷共40道题中，有13道题可以利用词汇复现这一技巧直接选出答案，还有五道题可利用这一技巧将正确答案缩小到两个选项之内，几乎一半的题目都可以用这一技巧找到正确答案。

不过，我们在利用词汇复现这条线索解题时，一定要避免不加思考地选择有复现词的选项。有复现词的选项正确的可能性虽然很大，但不一定就是正确选项。做题时需要将含复现词的选项代入原文，看该选项与上下文是否语义连贯。语义连贯是确定正确答案的最终依据。

例6.（2018全国卷II）    40    If you work out bright and early in the morning， you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.

A. You will stick to your diet.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

【解析】不能因为healthy food 的复现就草率地选择C。在词汇复现的基础上，将语义纳入考虑，就会知道正确答案应为A。

三、留心代词照应

代词，顾名思义，就是代替前面提及的概念。运用代词，形成照应，其实也是一种词汇复现。代词照应在解答七选五题型时利用率非常高，所以笔者将这一解题线索单列出来，希望引起广大考生的注意。保持对代词的敏感，能够有效帮助我们缩小选择范围，甚至直接锁定正确答案。

常见的代词有：人称代词he， it，they等;指示代词this， these，those等;不定代词some，all，both等。同学们在浏览选项以及原文时，应该留心代词，及时圈划出来，并思考其与所指代对象的人称和数量是否保持一致。

例7.（2018全国卷I）Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.   37  ，  they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones， the medium ones， and the large ones.

A. While all of them are useful. （其余选项可以参考例1）

【解析】在解答七选五题型时，建议考生先浏览选项，充分利用选项信息进行激活图式，猜测主题。在浏览选项时，注意标出代词。像上例中，同学们应该注意到A选项中的them，带着“这个them 指代什么”的问题，可以迅速实现与上文中techniques的对接。

四、注重逻辑关系

句间逻辑关系，也是解答七选五题型的重要线索。通常，句间逻辑关系有三种：顺逆关系、解释关系、因果关系， 相应的逻辑关联词如下。

顺逆 顺 and， also， too， besides， similarly， furthermore， moreover， in addition， whats more， then ， first， second

逆 but， however， though， yet， instead， nevertheless， unfortunately， on the contrary， on the other hand， otherwise， by contrast， rather than， in spite of

解 释 in other words， that is to say，that means， in fact，actually， as a matter of fact， frankly speaking， to be honest， in this case， for example， such as

因 果 because（of）， for， since， as， thus， so， therefore， consequently， accordingly， thats why， due to， thanks to， as a result

同学们在解题时，对这些逻辑词要敏感，进而确定与逻辑匹配的信息。下面，笔者以实例说明。

（一）顺逆关系

顺逆关系即顺承與逆转。具体而言，顺承关系包括并列与递进，逆转关系则包括转折与对比。

例8.（2017北京卷）When lab rats are not allowed to sleep， they die within a month.  71

A. We should also try to sleep well the night before.

B. Its as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.

C. Similarly， when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.

D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.

E. Thats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.

F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning”， says Giulio Tononi， who developed the idea.

G. Tononis team measured the size of these connections， or synapses， in the brains of 12 mice.

【解析】浏览选项，需关注C选项中表示顺承关系的副词similarly。阅读该词后的句子，可得知信息是“人不睡觉，就会生病”，这刚好是对设空句前面信息“老鼠不睡觉，一个月就会死”的顺承。

例9.（2017全国卷I）Campers， in my eyes， were people who enjoyed insect bites， ill-cooked meals， and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me.    36

A. This time there was no tent.

B. Things are going to be improved.

C. The trip then took me on was a rough one.

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【解析】浏览选项，需关注D选项中表示转折关系的副词however。 阅读该词前面的句子，可得知信息刚好与设空句前面的信息构成转折关系，同时与下文形成照应。

（二）解释关系

解释的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从形象到抽象）和推理（从抽象到形象）。

例10.（2008宁夏海南卷）Whenever or however you take notes， keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process. 73

A. Use words， not complete sentences.

B. There are three practical note-taking methods.

C. You must write your notes on separate paper.

D. Otherwise， you may not be able to read your notes later.

E. You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.

F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.

G. First， the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

【解析】以that means 表示解释关系的F选项正好与前文衔接，故为正确答案。

（三）因果关系

根据因果逻辑词，可以判断出是前因后果还是前果后因，进而根据给出信息，择定相关信息。

例11.（2017北京卷）One idea is that sleep helps us strength- en new memories.    72

E. Thats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.（其余选项参考例8）

【解析】E选项中的thats why 正好匹配了其前后信息的因果关系，故为正确答案。

以上四条线索便是笔者觉得可以有效解答七选五题型的利器。这里笔者再用思维导图总结一下。

值得注意的是：设空句的选定依据有时不是单一的线索，而是上述四条线索中某几条相互融合。大家对上述四招越熟悉，解題时的观察力、敏感度、周全率越高，正确率也就越高。祝大家完胜七选五，决胜在高考！