谷东方

内容摘要：本文在前后四次系统考察陕北石窟的基础上，以明代石窟碑刻题记资料为研究对象，分析了明代石窟的开凿过程、工匠类型、庙产经营和开窟背景。认为陕北明代石窟的构建所费工时长短不一，工匠种类多样，分工协作完成石窟的开凿、造像、彩绘等工作。寺院经济主要来自接受布施和经营庙产，具备一定规模。延安地区明窟主要体现宗教实践的延续，榆林地区的明窟则与军事防御城寨伴生中获得巨大发展。

关键词：陕北明代石窟题记；石窟开凿；石窟规模；开窟背景

中图分类号：K879.29；K877.42 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2018）04-0081-08

Abstract： Based on the research results from four systematic investigations of the inscriptions in the grottoes in Northern Shaanxi from the Ming Dynasty， this paper identifies and analyzes four aspects of the contents of these caves： sculptures of the grottoes， types of craftsmen， management of temple estates， and the background of these caves construction. The researchers argue that the time spent constructing each of these disparate caves varied and that there were many craftsmen specialized in different fields cooperating to finish the work of building， carving， and painting. The economic support of the temples mostly came from donations and the earnings from temples estates， which were very extensive in scale. Other grottoes from the region proved useful to historical analysis and researchers noted that the Grottoes in Yanan mainly show the continuance of religious practice， while those in Yulin developed steadily due to their co-existence with military fortresses.

Keywords： Inscriptions in the Ming dynasty grottoes in Northern Shaanxi； cave construction； scale of the grottoes； background of cave construction

2006、2007、2012年暑期和2014年初，清华大学和台北艺术大学联合组成陕北石窟考察组对陕北地区的石窟进行了系统调查{1}。这期间也考察了分布于16个市县的39处130个明代石窟，获得丰富的题記。之后，笔者辨识和梳理出103条碑刻题记，又从中甄选出39条记述明确者为研究对象，分析陕北明代石窟的开凿过程、工匠类型、庙产经营和开窟背景，力图作为宋金石窟题记内容分析的续篇[1]。

一 开凿过程

明代石窟多为方形窟，在壁脚前设基坛，个别大型窟设立柱承托窟顶，比起宋金乃至北朝石窟的形制简单许多，但用斧劈凿錾的方式进行开窟造像并非易事，仍需要花费大量的时间及人力。碑刻题记中可见11条具备创建、改建、重修石窟起止时间的实例（表1）。

各窟营建时间长短不一。需要明确的是，洞窟凿毕仅为基础工程结束，到开光使用还需进行后续工程，通常为雕塑或安置造像、妆金彩绘、绘制壁画等，一些窟外还建廊设檐。……