清水江林契反映的“股权”属性及林地权样态
2018-10-21林芊
摘 要:清水江林业契约中的股及股分方式,是解开清水江流域清至民国时期林业生产研究中,长期争论不清的林地权属性的关键所在。通过对林契分析,发现清水江流域林业生产中的产权结构呈现为“个人私有制主导下的四类样态”,每一种样态的具体表现形式虽然不同,但林地权的变化一直是以个体家庭私人所有为主流方向。同时,不同样态及每一类型具体表现形式的多样性,既是清水江流域林业生产及林地权的本土特征,又是以区域性范畴反映中国古代私有制度发展、以及发展过程中在不同时期的具体水平。重要的是,它以土地制度的方式,见证了以侗、苗民族为主体的清水江流域社会成长及成长发展过程中各个阶段的历史进程。
关键词:清水江文书;林契;土地权;侗、苗民族;社会发展
中图分类号:K206
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-5099(2018)01-0042-12
Abstract:The stock and equity in the forest contract is key to eliminate the long lasting arguments on the nature of Forest Land Property Right in the study on forest industry in Qingshuijiang area from Qing dynasty to the Republic of China. Through the analysis of forest contracts, the structure of property right forest industry consisted of four forms guided by private ownership, with each form different from the others but family ownership kept as the mainstream in the changes of forest land property right. Meanwhile, the diversity in the different forms and their varied expressions is not the local characteristics of forest industry and forest land property right,but the regional reflection of the development of ancient private ownership in different stages; but most importantly, as part of land system, the stock and equity in the forest contract was the reflection of the development of Qingshuijiang area whcih Dong and Miao nationality took the largest part in different historical stages.
Key words:documents in Qingshiujaing area; forest contract; land property right; Dong and Miao nationality; social development
一、“股”在清水江流域林業生产中的重要性
贵州清水江流域清至民国时期一个重要民族产业部门就是林业生产,其产业规模堪称这一时期中国南方林业主产区之一。当地侗、苗民族在几百年的林业生产过程中形成了大量的契约文书(后面简称林契),成为今天了解和研究当地少数民族社会经济发展的历史文献。阅读这些林契,一个醒目的现象就是几乎凡契皆有“股”,这里的“股”,主要是指一座山场内不同的股份、林产品分成股份等。林契中无处不在的股份所反映出历史事实是:从社会生活方面看,是侗、苗社会中分家析产的过程,也是林地产权的分配与再分配、林农租山分成的保障;……