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论句尾动词“为”的疑问语气词化

2018-10-21王红生

贵州大学学报(社会科学版) 2018年4期
关键词:信息

摘要:

“何(以)X为”中“为”起初是个动词,这种句式的最初形成是语用机制驱动的结果。在此基础上,以下几个相互关联的因素进一步促使句尾动词“为”语法化为疑问语气词:首先,“何(以)X为”中动词“为”的地位降低,而“X”的核心地位及动作性凸显和提升;其次,语言单位“何”包含若干言语单位,通过联想机制,其中作宾语的“何1”逐渐被作状语的“何2”代替;最后,在句意自足的条件下,句尾“为”成为羡余成分并被赋予表疑问语气的特定价值,“何1”虽已被“何2”代替,但“何1”的疑问特征会传染给“为”,使句尾“为”也带上疑问特征,最终使“为”进一步语法化为疑问语气词。

关键词:

句尾动词“为”;语气词;语用机制;语法化;成分感染

中图分类号:H042

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-5099(2018)04-0151-08

On the Interrogative Mood Grammaticalization of Verb “为” at the End of Sentence

WANG Hongsheng

(School of Literature and Media, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi, 721013, China)

Abstract:

At first “为” is a verb in the “何(以)X为” that is driven by pragmatic mechanism. On this basis, there are several interrelated factors that further promote the verb “为” at the end of sentence into a interrogative mood word: firstly, the status of “为” in the “何(以)X为” is reduced, but the core status and action of “X” are highlighted and promoted; secondly, the language unit “何” contains a number of parole units, and by the association mechanism, the “何1”as the object is replaced by “何2”as the adverbial; finally, under the condition of the sufficiency of the sentence meaning,“为” at the end of sentence becomes a superfluous component and is endowed with the specific value to express interrogative mood. Though “何1”is replaced by“何2”, the interrogative feature of“何1”will infect “为” and make “为” a interrogative mood word.

Key words:

the verb “为” at the end of sentence; mood word; pragmatic mechanism; grammaticalization; component infection

自从朱运申在《中国语文》1979年第6期发表《关于疑问句尾的“为”》一文以来,汉语学者围绕“何以……为”“何……为”等疑问句式对句尾“为”进行了广泛而持续的讨论。从讨论的视角看,人们的做法可别为两类:一类着眼上古(先秦两汉)汉语的共时态,试图解释句尾“为”在这种时间态中的稳定属性。这是多数人的做法。基于这种视角,人们对句尾“为”形成两种主要看法:一种认为句尾“为”应是个动词,另一种认为句尾“为”是个语气词。这两种看法各有其坚定的支持者。另一类着眼上古汉语内部的历时态,认为句尾“为”在上古汉语中存在历时演變,比如认为句尾“为”最早是个动词,后来在历时中演变为疑问语气词,这是种历时、动态地讨论句尾“为”的视角或办法,目前基于这种视角讨论句尾“为”的尚居少数,这方面的较新成果尤以贾齐华的讨论为代表[1]449-455。

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