祠堂礼制与人群阶序:清水江下游的乡村社会
2018-10-21王勤美
摘要:
宗族的考察和族谱研究是认识和了解中国乡村社会结构的重要路径之一。以清水江流域的祠堂修建活动为切入点,讨论不同身份的人群如何在特定的社会历史情境中,通过家谱世系的追述、英雄祖先的重构、祠堂修建等活动,将与“军户”祖先身份相关的入住权,以及象征正统身份的旗伞、高爵牌等文化再创造作为人群区分和认同的标帜,进以掌握地方政治文化资源。文章以社会空间的整体视野,通过对清水江流域典型村落新化地方社会的结构化进程以及社会形态的研究,以期拓宽西南区域社会研究的路径。
关键词:
祠堂礼制;人群阶序;区域社会;研究路径
中图分类号:C954
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-5099(2018)04-0060-12
Ritual System in Ancestral Temple and Classification of People:
the Rural Society in the Downstream of Qingshuijiang Area
WANG Qinmei1, 2
(1. College of History and Ethnic Culture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China;
2. Journal Editorial Department of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 55025, China)
Abstract:
Research on Clan and genealogy is an important way to understand the social structure of rural area in China. From the aspect of the construction of ancestral temple, the author illustrates peoples recreating residency rights which are related to their ancestral military families, as well as orthodoxy cultural symbols like Qisan and Gaojue Card as marks to differentiate and identify different groups of people, so as to control local political and cultural resources, by tracing genealogy, reconstructing heroic ancestors and constructing ancestral temples. The article aims at exploring more ways for social study in Southwest region, through the study on the renewal social structured process of villages and social form.
Key words:
ritual system in ancestral temple; classification of people; regional society; study methods
明以前,國家对贵州实行“以夷制夷”的羁縻管理,清水江下游地区属于思州、思南宣慰司置地,随着明清王朝的开发经营,贵州才渐次进入国家的版图视野。明代的贵州位于湖广通滇的东路驿道,通云南,接湖广、四川、两粤之地,是国家控制西南的必经之地,纵观明王朝对贵州的设置经营,无一不是出于军事战略的考虑,明初为打通这条西南驿道,在贵州境内设置了众多卫所和屯堡。在明廷“屯田戍守,移民实边”的政策强力下,大量来自山东、安徽、江西等地的汉人进入贵州,亦兵亦农,汉文化随即被带入,在与苗、侗、汉多族群的长期交往互动中,形成了多民族互嵌的居住格局,汉文化与少数民族文化多元并存。由于历史的原因,今天的清水江流域仍旧分布有诸多带有“司”“所”“屯”“寨”等名称的村落,例如“新化所村”“新化寨村”“新化司村”。……