龚东风

摘 要：“文之枢纽”和“圆照之象，务先博观”是《文心雕龙》的要旨，金圣叹以文心论和读书法为两大支点将刘勰的纲领说和鉴赏论进一步阐发为“闳览博物”的文学观。著书人的隐秀观深得“有无相生”的老子哲学精髓，草蛇灰线是读书人领悟古人寄托笔墨之法的关键，是金圣叹阅读哲学的理论柱石，对当下文学课程教学改革具有重要的借鉴意义。

关键词：金圣叹；文心论；阅读哲学

中图分类号：G642 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2096-000X（2018）08-0149-03

Abstracts： "The heart of literature" and "Complete understanding depends on complete and careful reading" are the arguments of Jin Shengtan's The Carving of a Dragon： a Metaphor of the Heart of Literature. Jin Shengtan interprets Liu Xie's theory of Framework and Appreciation as the Heart of literature and Reading Methods， and develops them into his theory of Expanded Reading and Thorough Knowledge. The writer practices Laozi's dialectics "Absence and Presence" into his conspicuous or implied intention. The secret clue is the lead for a careful reader to understand the writer's thought， in this sense， Jin Shengtan's Reading Methods has a great Pedagogical Significance on literature teaching.

Keywords： Jin Shengtan； the heart of literature； reading methods

一、“文心”者，言为文之用心也

《文心雕龙》是关于创作观与鉴赏论的文学批评经典，其理论体系阐发了读者在阅读文学作品时需要关注的核心问题：文心。何为文心？著文之用心也。①著文之法犹如雕龙，勾连章节，捭阖自如，才子之文独运机杼，每每自掩胸臆和笔墨之迹。闻弦者赏音，读书者论事，金圣叹自矜“巧心妙笔，独我能知之耳。”并训谕子弟毋为织锦手所瞒：“作文岂是易事，而读文又乌得不难也！” ②作为一座中国文艺理论的里程碑，《文心雕龙》体现了古代朴素系统论，“文之枢纽” 是“缀思之恒数也”，哲学指导纲领，纲领驾驭情节，著文宜全篇谋局：“总文理，统首尾，定与夺，合涯际，弥纶一篇，使杂而不越者也。若筑室之須基构，裁衣之待缝缉矣。”③

刘勰在其纲领说中反复强调总辔法，认为它是“命篇之经略”：大凡文章应追根而寻木，循源而求干，驭文之术重在廓清整体与部分的辩证关系，重理虽繁，无倒置之乖，群言虽多，无棼丝之乱。高超的著文之法必定有明暗两条线，明线如同向阳舒展的枝条，伏笔就像背阴攀墙的藤蔓；……