陈琛　罗俊杰　王炜

摘要：为了解小孢子发育时期与花蕾外部形态特征的相互关系，选用2个胡麻品种为试验材料，用改良苯酚品红溶液压片法将5月中旬蕾长为3～8 mm的花蕾制片，在光学显微镜下观察了小孢子发育情况，以分析胡麻小孢子发育时期与花蕾大小之间的关系。结果表明，当花蕾长度为3～4 mm时，小孢子发育基本处在四分体时期； 4～5 mm时，小孢子大部分处于单核中期；5～6 mm时，花药中存在各种发育时期的小孢子，但以单核靠边期为主；当蕾长 > 6 mm时，小孢子开始大量成熟，直至发育为成熟花粉。品种间有差异，但差异较小，基本趋势一致。

关键词：胡麻；小孢子；花药培养；染色

中图分类号：S565.9 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-1463（2018）07-0021-04

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2018.07.007

Abstract：The study aimed at investigation of the relationship between microspore development period and the morphology of bud of Linum usitatissimum L.. Two cultivars of Linum usitatissimum L. were used as experiment materials， and buds were picked in mid-May， with length between 3～8 mm. The development of microspore was observed under optical microscope， and the relationship between the microspore developmental stages of Linum usitatissimum and the size of buds was analyzed. The results showed that when the buds' length was 3～4 mm， the microspore development was basically in tetrad. When the buds' length was 4～5 mm， the microspores developed into mid-uninucleate. When the buds' length was 5～6 mm， various kinds of developmental stages of microspores could be observed， but most of them were late-uninucleate microspores. When the buds' length exceeded 6 mm， a big scale of microspores entered mature period and turned into pollens. The results in two cultivars were basically consistent， with tiny differences which were not significant.

Key words： Linum usitatissimum L. ；Microspore；Anther culture；Staining

胡麻，即油用亞麻，属亚麻科、亚麻属一年生草本作物，是中国西北、华北和黄土高原等旱作农业地区重要的油料作物之一。我国胡麻育种研究距今已有60余年历史，所用的育种方法有杂交育种、组织培养、分子育种、物理/化学诱变育种等[1 ]。

花药培养作为单倍体育种中应用最成功的方法，能大幅度缩短育种年限、提高育种效率、快速选育新品种。亚麻花药培养的研究始于20世纪70年代，由我国首次培育出亚麻花粉植物[2 ]。植物花药培养过程中，有很多因素对单倍体的诱导效果产生影响，如基因型、花粉发育时期、胁迫处理、激素、培养基及培养条件等[3 ]，只有发育到一定时期的花粉才对离体刺激最敏感，并最终发育成完整植株。因此选择适宜的花粉发育时期对于花药培养成功与否有决定性的作用[4 ]。但……