肾细胞癌的诊疗现状及进展
2017-12-07吴成光
吴成光
[摘要] 肾细胞癌是常见泌尿系统恶性肿瘤,2012年温哥华国际泌尿病理学会对肾肿瘤的组织学分类、分期、预后因素、免疫组化和分子标志物等最新进展达成共识,将有助于肾细胞癌治疗选择及预后评估。肾细胞癌的治疗方法主要包括手术、放化疗、热疗、生物治疗及靶向治疗等,其中肾切除术、放化疗为传统疗法,生物疗法可在杀伤肾细胞癌肿瘤细胞的同时提高机体的免疫力,近年来热疗及靶向治疗用于肾细胞癌的治疗,取得较好治疗效果。本文对肾细胞癌的分型、诊断、治疗进展作一综述,为其临床诊断及治疗提供依据。
[关键词] 肾细胞癌;泌尿系统;放化疗;靶向治疗
[中图分类号] R737.11 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)36-0165-04
[Abstract] Renal cell carcinoma is a common urologic malignancy. The Vancouver International Urology Pathology Society reached a consensus on the latest progress of histological classification, staging, prognostic factors, immunohistochemistry and molecular markers in 2012, which would be helpful to the treatment selection and prognosis evaluation of renal cell carcinoma. The treatment methods of renal cell carcinoma mainly include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, hyperthermia, biological therapy and targeted therapy, including nephrectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy for traditional therapies. And biological therapy can kill renal cell carcinoma tumor cells while improving the body's immunity. Hyperthermia and targeted therapy have achieved better therapeutic effect for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma in recent years. This article reviews the classification, diagnosis and treatment progress of renal cell carcinoma, and provides the basis for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.
[Key words] Renal cell carcinoma; Urinary system; Radiotherapy and chemotherapy; Targeted therapy
腎细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma)是最常见肾实质恶性肿瘤,其发病率占成人恶性肿瘤的3%~5%,居泌尿系统恶性肿瘤第2位,且正以2.5%左右的速度逐年增加,据统计2016年美国新发肾癌62 000余例,其中肿瘤特异性死亡病例14 000余例[1]。文献报道从2001~2010年美国新诊断肾癌患者34万左右,发病率从10.6 /10万上升至12.4/10万[2]。随着人们保健意识的增强、生活饮食习惯的该病及影像学诊断技术的提高,我国范围内肾癌患者检出率呈逐年上升趋势,据统计仅2012年中国大陆得到确诊的肾癌患者有66 000余例[3]。临床资料显示[4],10%~40%的肾细胞癌患者产生副瘤综合征,临床表现为发热、贫血、高血糖、高钙血症、神经肌肉病变、红细胞沉降率加快、红细胞增多症以及凝血机制异常等,其中30%为转移性肾癌,可由肿瘤转移引起咳嗽、咯血、骨痛、骨折等症状去医院就诊。……
