向日葵单子叶和三子叶突变体的形态特征
2017-10-12廖雪竹王更亮王广东
廖雪竹, 曾 琳, 王更亮, 王广东
(南京农业大学园艺学院, 江苏 南京 210095)
向日葵单子叶和三子叶突变体的形态特征
廖雪竹, 曾 琳, 王更亮, 王广东①
(南京农业大学园艺学院, 江苏 南京 210095)
Abstract: Phyllotaxis and morphological characteristics of monocotyledonous and tricotyledonous mutants (found during cultivation process) and dicotyledonous plants ofHelianthusannuusLinn. were observed. The results show that numbers of monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous and tricotyledonous plants are 8, 339 and 3, respectively in 350 cultivated plants ofH.annuus, accounting for 2.3%, 96.9% and 0.9% of total individual number, respectively, and their corresponding phyllotaxis is alternate, opposite and whorled types, respectively. Monocotyledonous plant has the fewest leaf number, the most leaf layer number, and the largest flower diameter; tricotyledonous plant has the most leaf number, the fewest leaf layer number, and the smallest flower diameter. There is no obvious difference in plant height of individuals with different cotyledon types. It is suggested that cotyledon number ofH.annuusis obviously correlated with phyllotaxis type.
向日葵; 子叶; 突变体; 叶序
植物子叶发生于胚胎发育的早期,其贮存的大量营养为幼苗生长提供最初的物质和能量[1]。种胚的多子叶结构一般只存在于裸子植物,被子植物则为1个子叶(单子叶植物)或2个子叶(双子叶植物)[2]。目前,关于双子叶植物子叶突变现象的研究较少,仅葡萄(VitisviniferaLinn.)[3]、茄(SolanummelongenaLinn.)和红茄(S.aethiopicumLinn.)[4]等植物有相关研究报道。子叶的数目是植物进化的一个重要标志,但其变异及进化机制仍不明确[4]。李星学等[5]认为,单子叶由双子叶中1个子叶退化形成,而三子叶也是从双子叶演变而成,如松柏类的多子叶现象衍生于双子叶的分裂。双子叶植物中的多子叶变异现象一般属于自然突变,但也可由人工诱变产生[1]。
植物的叶序类型有对生、互生和轮生等。叶序发育受到激素和基因突变等因子影响,如SPY、ABPH1和PIN1等基因均参与调控叶序的形成[6]。进化研究认为,轮生叶和互生叶均由对生叶演化而来[7]。Chandler[8]认为子叶和叶片的发育具有相似性,因此,子叶数目与叶序发育间是否存在某种联系也值得探讨。
向日葵(HelianthusannuusLinn.)隶属于菊科(Asteraceae)向日葵属(HelianthusLinn.),为一年生草本[9],属双子叶植物,其花朵硕大,颜色鲜艳,头状花序,具有观赏价值。在自然条件下,向日葵的子叶突变体极少,具有较高的研究价值。本研究以观赏用向日葵品……
