APP下载

氮素添加和干旱胁迫下白羊草碳氮磷化学计量特征

2017-09-03孙彩丽肖列李鹏薛萐刘国彬

植物营养与肥料学报 2017年4期
关键词:白羊氮磷氮素

孙彩丽,肖列,李鹏,薛萐,3,刘国彬,3*

(1西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100;2西安理工大学西北旱区生态水利工程国家重点实验室培育基地,陕西西安710048;3中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100)

氮素添加和干旱胁迫下白羊草碳氮磷化学计量特征

孙彩丽1,肖列2,李鹏2,薛萐1,3,刘国彬1,3*

(1西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100;2西安理工大学西北旱区生态水利工程国家重点实验室培育基地,陕西西安710048;3中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100)

【目的】氮素和水分是干旱半干旱区生态系统的主要限制因子,研究两者交互作用对干旱半干旱区植物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的影响有助于深入了解干旱半干旱生态系统对全球变化的响应。【方法】以黄土丘陵区退耕地典型草本植物白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)为研究对象,采用盆栽控制试验,设置添加氮0(对照)、2.5g/(m2·a)(低氮)、5.0g/(m2·a)(高氮)三个水平;供水处理设75%~80%FC(充分供水)、55%~60%FC(轻度干旱胁迫)和35%~40%FC(重度干旱胁迫)三个水平。测定了白羊草地上部分和根系碳氮磷含量,讨论了氮素和水分供应对其化学计量特征的影响。【结果】氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分和根系碳含量无显著影响,氮素添加使白羊草地上部分氮含量提高9.7%~48.8%(P<0.001),而干旱胁迫使其降低2.8%~28.3%(P<0.001)。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系氮含量的影响表现为正常水分条件下氮素添加使根系氮含量提高25.0%~26.1%(P<0.01),而干旱条件下氮素添加无显著作用。氮素添加和干旱胁迫使白羊草地上部分磷含量分别降低17.4%~31.8%和12.0%~22.1%(P<0.001)。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分C∶N的影响表现为在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加使地上部分C∶N降低24.9%~32.9%(P<0.05),在正常供水条件下氮素添加无显著影响。氮素添加对根系部分C∶N有显著影响,在正常供水条件下氮素添加使根系部分C∶N降低19.8%~24.5%(P<0.05)。氮素添加和干旱胁迫使白羊草地上部分C∶P分别提高24.4%~42.3%和12.2%~31.0%(P<0.001),对根系C∶P无显著影响。氮素添加显著提高白羊草地上部分N∶P,干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分N∶P无显著影响。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系部分N∶P表现为在正常供水条件下氮素添加使根系部分N∶P提高26.8%~54.8%(P<0.05),在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加无显著影响。【结论】氮素添加条件下白羊草C∶P和N∶P的提高表明氮沉降增加一定程度上改善了土壤供氮状况,进一步加剧了磷素限制作用。氮素增加条件下干旱胁迫对N∶P无显著影响,表明白羊草的生长将逐渐受到氮素和磷素的共同限制。

白羊草;化学计量学;干旱;氮素添加;养分限制;黄土高原

植物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征是了解碳、氮、磷素分配规律和确定植物生长限制性元素类型的重要依据,对于认识生态系统元素生物地球化学循环具有重要意义[1–3]。近年来,随着氮肥的大量生产和使用以及畜牧业迅猛发展等,氮沉降增加带来的生态效应逐渐成为国内外生态学家关注的热点问题[4–5]。随着对全球变化认识的逐渐深入,人们也开始关注多个全球变化因子交互作用对生态系统的影响[2,6–7]。干旱半干旱地区的生态系统受氮素和水分双重限制,研究氮沉降增加和干旱胁迫对植物生态化学计量特征的影响对于深入了解全球变化下干旱生态系统的响应具有重要意义。

人类活动直接或间接导致生态系统氮沉降量的显著增加[8–9]。氮沉降增加提高了土壤中可利用氮素含量,为植物的生长提供了氮素的来源,导致植物组织中C∶N的降低[10–11]。同时,短期氮沉降增加通过提高植物体氮素含量,增大了植物组织的N∶P[12–14]。但是长期氮沉降研究表明,氮沉降增加对植物体N∶P没有显著影响[15–16]。此外,由于植被种类、管理措施、氮添加量和初始土壤养分条件的差异也会造成植物体N∶P对氮沉降的响应不同[5,8,14–15]。与此同时,随着全球气候变暖,干旱成为世界范围内普遍存在的问题,而且有愈演愈烈的趋势[17–18]。干旱导致土壤中可利用水分含量显著降低,土壤含水量会通过影响枯落物分解[19]和元素的矿化过程[20–21]来改变土壤中营养元素的含量。长期的干旱胁迫会显著抑制土壤中参与氮磷元素循环转化的酶活性[22],导致土壤中可利用性氮磷元素含量降低,尤其是可利用性磷素的含量[23],从而改变植物组织中C∶P、C∶N和N∶P[24–26]。在全球变化的背景下,氮沉降增加和干旱胁迫相互伴生、相互耦合,共同对陆地生态系统产生显著影响[27]。氮沉降的显著增加能否减轻干旱胁迫对植物生长的氮素限制,而磷素限制作用是否会进一步加剧还鲜有研究。

黄土丘陵区地处干旱半干旱地区,水分是限制植物生长的重要因素,研究表明近50年来该区降水量逐渐减少,且降水年际间变化大,月际间分配不均匀,干旱将会进一步限制该区的植被恢复过程[28]。该区目前的氮沉降量为N2.2g/(m2·a)[29–30],据预测,未来该区氮沉降量将会持续增加[31]。研究氮沉降量持续增加和干旱胁迫加剧情况下,植物体碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量特征的响应,对于预测未来气候变化对全球植被的影响具有重要的意义。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验材料采用黄土丘陵区地带性草原建群种白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum),种子于2013年秋季采自中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站(36°51′30″N、109°19′23″E,海拔1068~1309m)的试验田中。供试土壤为陕北安塞县的黄绵土,其基本理化性质为:田间持水量20%,土壤有机质2.58g/kg,全氮0.21 g/kg,全磷0.57g/kg,速效氮11.55mg/kg,pH为8.24。采用自制的PVC圆筒(内径15cm、高20cm)作为盆栽器皿,每盆装入等量风干的土壤3.8kg,以盆栽方式培育白羊草幼苗。播种前,测定白羊草种子的发芽率在90%以上。2014年6月1日播种,每盆点取三个穴,每穴播3粒种子,待种子发芽生长稳定后,每盆每穴留健壮苗1株。育苗期间充分供水,保持幼苗正常生长。

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用水分和施氮双因素完全随机试验设计。2014年8月1日将盆栽移入人工气候室(AGCD003N逆境型,浙江求是人工环境有限公司),设定气候室光照为500μmol/(m2·s),空气温度为28℃/ 22℃(昼/夜),湿度为55%。待盆栽幼苗稳定几天后开始进行干旱胁迫和施氮处理。试验设3个水分水平,分别为田间持水量的75%~80%(WW)、55%~60%(MD)和35%~40%(SD),依次代表正常供水、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫。每天下午6点左右称重,补充消耗的水分,控制在设定的土壤水分水平。设置3个氮素添加水平:0、2.5和5g/(m2·a),以N0、N2.5、N5表示。N2.5和N5分别代表低氮和高氮添加水平。将含氮浓度为18.4mmol/L的NH4NO3溶液0、5和10mL分别均匀的喷洒到N2.5和N5处理的土壤表面,每两周进行一次,共6次。试验共计6个处理,每个处理5个重复。

2014年11月15日,盆栽试验结束。用剪刀将每盆中的3株白羊草贴土壤表面取植株的地上部分。将土柱从PVC管中取出,分离根系和土壤,用镊子挑取土壤中残留的根系,将获得的根系用蒸馏水冲洗干净。将所采集的植物地上部分和根系在80℃的烘箱中烘至恒重,用粉碎机磨碎后用于植物样品碳、氮、磷元素含量的测定。

1.3 测定项目及方法

植物样品碳含量采用重铬酸钾硫酸氧化法测定,氮含量采用半微量开氏法测定,磷含量采用钼锑抗比色法测定。碳氮磷的化学计量比为植物组织中全碳氮磷含量的质量比。

1.4 数据处理

试验数据在Excel2007统计软件中进行整理。采用SPSS16.0软件对数据进行统计分析。不同处理间碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比采用单因素(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan法进行方差分析和多重比较(P< 0.05)。采用双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)检验水分水平和施氮水平及其交互作用。采用SigmaPlot 12.5软件绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 氮素和干旱胁迫对白羊草碳氮磷含量的影响

氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分和根系碳含量无显著影响(表1、图1)。氮素添加使白羊草地上部分氮含量提高9.7%~48.4%(P<0.001),干旱胁迫白羊草地上部分氮含量降低2.8%~28.3%(P< 0.001),两种处理因素对地上氮含量无显著交互作用。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系氮含量的影响具有显著交互作用(表1),表现为正常水分条件下氮素添加使根系氮含量提高25.0%~26.1%(P< 0.01),干旱条件下氮素添加无显著作用(图1)。氮素添加和干旱胁迫使白羊草地上部分磷含量分别降低17.4%~31.8%和12.0%~22.1%(P<0.001)(表1、图1),两种处理因素对地上磷含量无显著交互作用。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系磷含量有显著影响,在正常水分条件下,高施氮处理使根系磷含量降低18.4%(P<0.05),在重度干旱胁迫下,中等施氮处理使根系磷含量降低15.0%(P<0.05) (表1、图1)。

2.2 氮素和干旱胁迫对白羊草碳、氮、磷化学计量比的影响

氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分C∶N的影响具有显著交互作用(表1),表现为在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加使地上部分C∶N降低24.9%~32.9% (P<0.05),在正常供水条件下氮素添加无显著影响(图2)。氮素添加对根系部分C∶N有显著影响,在正常供水条件下氮素添加使根系部分C∶N降低19.8%~24.5%(P<0.05)(表1、图2)。氮素添加和干旱胁迫使白羊草地上部分C∶P分别提高24.4%~42.3%和12.2%~31.0%(P<0.001),对根系C∶P无显著影响(表1、图2)。氮素添加使白羊草地上部分N∶P提高40.0%~99.0%(P<0.05),干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分N∶P无显著影响(表1、图2)。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系部分N∶P具有显著交互作用,表现为在正常供水条件下氮素添加使根系部分N∶P提高26.8%~54.8%(P<0.05),在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加无显著影响。

表1 氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比的方差分析结果Table 1 ANOVA analysis for the effects of nitrogen addition (N), water stress (D) and their interaction (N × D) on C, N, P concentrations and their stoichiometry in B. ischaemum

3 讨论

碳、氮、磷是地球上所有生命化学组成的重要元素,也是植物生长发育所必需的基本营养元素。光合作用同化的碳是植物生理生化过程的底物和能量来源,氮和磷是各种蛋白质和遗传物质的重要组成元素[32]。因此,碳、氮、磷对植物的生长和生理代谢调节起着重要作用。水分和氮素是干旱半干旱区生态系统的主要限制性因素,氮沉降增加(氮素添加)直接提高了土壤中有效态氮素含量,土壤水分可以通过影响微生物驱动的枯落物分解和氮磷元素的矿化过程间接影响土壤中有效态氮磷元素含量,进而对植物体氮磷元素含量产生显著影响。本研究中,干旱胁迫显著降低了白羊草体内氮和磷含量,施氮则显著提高了白羊草氮含量,降低了磷含量。安卓等[4]研究表明,氮素添加显著提高了长芒草叶片碳、氮和立枯物氮、磷含量。羊留冬等[33]发现人工施氮显著提高了冷杉幼苗叶片氮和磷含量。张文瑾等[34]研究发现氮素添加对油蒿、披针叶黄华叶片碳、氮和磷含量无显著影响。Ye等[35]对水稻研究表明干旱胁迫降低了磷含量,对碳和氮含量影响不大,而元分析结果表明干旱胁迫降低了植物体氮和磷含量[25]。造成这种差异的原因可能是不同研究所采用植物种类以及土壤本身特性的差异造成的。黄土高原地处干旱半干旱地区,土壤氮磷俱缺[36],因此水分和氮素都是影响植物生长发育的重要限制因素。大量研究表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制土壤中参与氮磷元素循环转化酶的活性[22,37],减弱了土壤中氮磷元素的矿化过程,导致土壤中可利用性氮磷元素含量的降低,从而导致白羊草体内氮磷含量的降低。氮素添加直接提高了土壤中可利用性氮素含量,从而提高了白羊草体内氮素含量。说明在黄土丘陵区干旱胁迫进一步加剧情况下,氮沉降增加有助于减轻氮素对白羊草生长的限制作用。

氮和磷是自然陆地生态系统的主要限制性元素,相互独立又相互影响,并对植物碳固定产生影响[38]。土壤养分和水分状况的改变会显著影响植物的光合作用和矿质代谢过程,进而影响植物体化学计量特征。本研究发现,氮素和土壤水分对植物体生态化学计量特征存在显著的交互作用。在正常水分条件下,氮素添加显著降低了C∶N,提高了N∶P,而在土壤水分增加条件下,氮素添加对植物C∶N无显著影响,而N∶P不变或者显著降低[2]。这种变化可能是由于土壤水分条件改善和氮素添加导致的植被的快速生长对氮磷素含量的稀释作用高于植物对氮磷素吸收量的提高。在本研究中,干旱处理和氮素添加对白羊草地上部分C∶N和根系部分N∶P的影响具有显著交互作用,表现为在正常供水条件下氮素添加对地上部分C∶N无显著影响,而根系部分N∶P显著提高,在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加显著降低了地上部分C∶N,根系部分N∶P无显著变化。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对植物体碳含量无显著影响,说明在干旱条件下氮素添加导致植物体将更多的氮素转移至地上部分,将更多的磷素转移至根系部分,这反映了植物对不同环境条件的适应策略[39]。在土壤持续干旱而可利用性氮素含量提高的条件下,植物体将更多的氮素分配至植物叶片提高叶绿体含量,促进植物正常生长,而将磷素更多分配至植物根系,以促进根系生长吸收水分,缓解干旱胁迫对植物生长的限制作用。作为重要的生理指标,C∶N和C∶P反映了植物的生长速度[40],碳作为结构性元素,在植物体中含量普遍较高而且变异小,因此,氮、磷含量是影响C∶N和C∶P值的主要因素[41]。本研究不同处理条件下,白羊草地上部分和根系C∶N均值分别为74.69和92.82,C∶P均值分别为325.76和588.80,高于全球平均水平(22.5、232)[42],进一步说明黄土丘陵区植物叶片氮、磷含量较低。同时较高的C∶N和C∶P值代表植物氮、磷利用率较高,这是植物适应养分贫瘠土壤的一种策略。氮和磷是陆地生态系统的重要的限制性元素,N∶P可以用来作为环境对植物生长养分供应状况的指标,本研究中白羊草氮磷比在4.74~7.93之间,低于全球平均水平(13.8)[41]。Güsewell[32]认为,植物体氮磷小于10时,植物生长主要受氮素限制,氮磷比大于20时,植物生长受磷素限制,氮磷比在10和20之间时,植物生长受氮素和磷素共同限制。本研究结果表明黄土高原地区天然草地群落生长主要受氮素的限制,施氮在一定程度上改善了黄土高原地区氮素的缺乏状况。但是,未来干旱胁迫的进一步加剧,会显著抑制植物体对氮素和磷素的吸收,从而限制该区植物的生长。

图1 不同氮素添加和干旱胁迫白羊草地上部分和根系的碳、氮、磷含量Fig. 1 C, N and P concentrations in the shoot and root of B. ischaemum under different N addition and drought stress

图2 不同氮素添加和干旱胁迫白羊草地上部分和根系碳、氮、磷化学计量比Fig. 2 C, N and P stoichiometry in the shoot and root of B. ischaemum under different N addition and drought stress

4 结论

干旱胁迫显著降低了白羊草体内氮、磷含量以及C∶N和C∶P比,但对N∶P影响不大。氮素添加提高了白羊草体内氮含量,降低了磷含量,导致白羊草C∶N降低,C∶P和N∶P比提高。施氮在一定程度上改善了黄土高原地区氮素的缺乏状况,减轻了干旱胁迫下白羊草生长的氮素限制作用。但是随着干旱胁迫的持续和大气沉降导致的氮素的不断添加,白羊草的生长将逐渐受到氮素和磷素的限制。

[1]刘超,王洋,王楠,等.陆地生态系统植被氮磷化学计量研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(11):1205–1216. Liu C,Wang Y,Wang N,et al.Advances research in plant nitrogen, phosphorus and their stoichiometry in terrestrial ecosystems:areview[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(11): 1205–1216.

[2]LüX T,Kong DL,Pan QM,et al.Nitrogen and water availability interact to affect leaf stoichiometry in asemi-arid grassland[J]. Oecologia,2012,168(2):301–310.

[3]赵亚芳,徐福利,王渭玲,等.华北落叶松针叶碳、氮、磷含量及化学计量比的季节变化[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5): 1328–1335. Zhao YF,Xu FL,Wang WL,et al.Seasonal variations of leaf C,N, P contents and stoichiometry of Larix principis-rupprechtii[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(5):1328–1335.

[4]安卓,牛得草,文海燕,等.氮素添加对黄土高原典型草原长芒草氮磷重吸收率及C∶N∶P化学计量特征的影响[J].植物生态学报, 2011,35(8):801–807. An Z,Niu DC,Wen HY,et al.Effects of Naddition on nutrient resorption efficiency and C∶N∶P stoichiometric characteristics in Stipa bungeana of steppe grasslands in the Loess Plateau,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(8):801–807.

[5]Song XZ,Gu HH,Wang M,et al.Management practices regulate the response of Moso bamboo foliar stoichiometry to nitrogen deposition[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:24107.

[6]Gargallo-Garriga A,Sardans J,Perez-Trujillo M,et al.Warming differentially influences the effects of drought on stoichiometry and metabolomics in shoots and roots[J].New Phytologists,2015,207(3): 591–603.

[7]Huang WJ,Houlton BZ,Marklein AR,et al.Plant stoichiometric responses to elevated CO2vary with nitrogen and phosphorus inputs: evidence from aglobal-scale meta-analysis[J].Scientific Reports, 2015,5:18225.

[8]Liu JX,Huang WJ,Zhou GY,et al.Nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of tree species in responses to elevated CO2and nitrogen addition in subtropical forests[J].Global Change Biology,2013,19(1):208–216.

[9]Kanakidou M,Myriokefalitakis S,Daskalakis N,et al.Past,present, and future atmospheric nitrogen deposition[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2016,73(5):2039–2047.

[10]Novotny AM,Schade JD,Hobbie SE,et al.Stoichiometric response of nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing dicots to manipulations of CO2,nitrogen,and diversity[J].Oecologia,2007,151(4):687–696.

[11]Han X,Sistla SA,Zhang YH,et al.Hierarchical responses of plant stoichiometry to nitrogen deposition and mowing in atemperate steppe[J].Plant and Soil,2014,382(1):175–187.

[12]石贤萌,杞金华,宋亮,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林两种优势幼苗C、N、P化学计量特征及其对氮沉降增加的响应[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(10):962–970. Shi XM,Qi JH,Song L,et al.C,N and Pstoichiometry of two dominant seedlings and their responses to nitrogen additions in the montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailao Mountains, Yunnan[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(10):962–970.

[13]王乔姝怡,郑成洋,张歆阳,等.氮添加对武夷山亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片氮磷化学计量特征的影响[J].植物生态学报,2016, 40(11):1124–1135. Wang QS Y,Zheng CY,Zhang XY,et al.Impacts of nitrogen addition on foliar nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,40(11):1124–1135.

[14]黄菊莹,余海龙.四种荒漠草原植物的生长对不同氮添加水平的响应[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(2):165–176. Huang JY,Yu HL.Responses of growth of four desert species to different Naddition levels[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016,40(2):165–176.

[15]Ostertag R.Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation responses after fertilization:an example from nutrient-limited Hawaiian forests[J].Plant and Soil,2010,334(1–2):85–98.

[16]Mayor JR,Wright SJ,Turner BL.Species-specific responses of foliar nutrients to long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a lowland tropical forest[J].Journal of Ecology,2014,102(1):36–44.

[17]Trenberth KE,Dai AG,van der Schrier G,et al.Global warming and changes in drought[J].Nature Climate Change,2014,4(1): 17–22.

[18]Dai AG.Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models[J].Nature Climate Change,2013,3(1):52–58.

[19]Liu P,Huang JH,Han XG,et al.Differential responses of litter decomposition to increased soil nutrients and water between two contrasting grassland plant species of Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2006,34(40212):266–275.

[20]Wang CH,Wan SQ,Xing XR,et al.Temperature and soil moisture interactively affected soil net Nmineralization in temperate grassland in Northern China[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(5): 1101–1110.

[21]任艳林.降水变化对樟子松人工林土壤无机氮和净氮矿化速率的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2012,48(6):925–932. Ren YL.Effects of precipitation change on inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate at aplantation of Mongolian Pine[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2012,48(6): 925–932.

[22]Sardans J,Penuelas J.Drought decreases soil enzyme activity in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex L.forest[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(3):455–461.

[23]Sardans J,Penuelas J.Increasing drought decreases phosphorus availability in an evergreen Mediterranean forest[J].Plant and Soil, 2004,267(1):367–377.

[24]Sardans J,Penuelas J.Drought changes nutrient sources,content and stoichiometry in the bryophyte Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. growing in aMediterranean forest[J].Journal of Bryology,2008, 30(1):59–65.

[25]He MZ,Dijkstra FA.Drought effect on plant nitrogen and phosphorus:a meta-analysis[J].New Phytologist,2014,204(4): 924–931.

[26]Sardans J,Rivas-Ubach A,Penuelas J.The C∶N∶P stoichiometry of organisms and ecosystems in achanging world:a review and perspectives[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology and Evolution and Systematics,2012,14(1):33–47.

[27]孙良杰,齐玉春,董云社,等.全球变化对草地土壤微生物群落多样性的影响研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(12):1715–1723. Sun LJ,Qi YC,Dong YS,et al.Research progresses on the effects of global change on microbial community diversity of grasslandsoils[J].Process in Geography,2012,31(12):1715–1723.

[28]姚玉璧,李耀辉,王毅荣,等.黄土高原气候与气候生产力对全球气候变化的响应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(2):202–208. Yao YB,Li YH,Wang YR,et al.Effects of the climate and climatic productivity in the Loess Plateau of China on global climate change[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(2): 202–208.

[29]魏样,同延安,乔丽,等.陕西省不同生态区大气氮沉降量的初步估算[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(4):795–800. Wei Y,Tong YA,Qiao L,et al.Preliminary estimate of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition in different ecological regions of Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010, 29(4):795–800.

[30]Han XW,Tsunekawa A,Tsubo M,et al.Responses of plant-soil properties to increasing Ndeposition and implications for large-scale eco-restoration in the semiarid grassland of the northern Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,60:1–9.

[31]Galloway JN,Dentener FJ,Capone DG,et al.Nitrogen cycles:past, present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry,2004,70(2):153–226.

[32]Güsewell S.N:P ratios in terrestrial plants:variation and functional significance[J].New Physiologist,2004,164(2):243–266.

[33]羊留冬,王根绪,杨阳,等.峨眉冷杉幼苗叶片功能特征及其N、P化学计量比对模拟大气氮沉降的响应[J].生态学杂志,2012, 31(1):44–50. Yang LD,Wang GX,Yang Y,et al.Responses of leaf functional traits and nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Abies fabiri seedlings in Gongga Mountain to simulated nitrogen deposition[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(1):44–50.

[34]张文瑾,张宇清,佘维维,等.氮添加对油蒿群植物叶片生态化学计量特征的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(1):52–58. Zhang WJ,Zhang YQ,She WW,et al.Effects of nitrogen addition on foliar ecological stoichiometric characteristics of Artemisia ordosica community[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016, 29(1):52–58.

[35]Ye Y,Liang X,Chen Y,et al.Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and partitioning,and C∶N∶P stoichiometry in lateseason rice under different water and nitrogen managements[J].PLoS One,2014,9:e101776.

[36]Liu ZP,Shao MA,Wang YQ.Spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus across the entire Loess Plateau region of China[J].Geoderma,2013,197/198:67–78.

[37]Steinweg JM,Dukes JS,Wallenstein MD.Modeling the effects of temperature and moisture on soil enzyme activity:Linking laboratory assays to continuous field data[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2012,55:85–92.

[38]Yan ZB,Li P,Chen YH,et al.Nutrient allocation strategies of woody plants:an approach from the scaling of nitrogen and phosphorus between twig stems and leaves[J].Scientific Reports, 2016,6:20099.

[39]Kleczewski NM,Herms DA,Bonello P.Nutrient and water availability alter belowground patterns of biomass allocation,carbon partitioning,and ectomycorrhizal abundance in Betula nigra[J]. Trees-Structure and Function,2012,26(2):525–533.

[40]Agren GI.The C∶N∶P stoichiometry of autotrophs-theory and observations[J].Ecology Letters,2004,7(3):185–191.

[41]Reich PB,Olkesyn J.Global patterns of plant leaf Nand Pin relation to temperature and latitude[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(30): 11001–11006.

[42]Elser JJ,Fagan WF,Denno RF,et al.Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs[J].Nature,2000,408(6812): 578–580.

Effects of nitrogen addition and drought stress on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of Bothriochloa ischaemum

SUN Cai-li1,XIAO Lie2,LI Peng2,XUE Sha1,3,LIU Guo-bin1,3*
(1 State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 2 State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; 3 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China)

【Objectives】Both nitrogen and water shortage are the main limiting factors for plant growth in arid and semiarid ecosystems.Study the carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)stoichiometric characteristics of plant under nitrogen deposition and drought stress will help understanding the response characteristics of arid and semiarid ecosystems to global changes.【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted inside aphytotron using Bothriochloa ischaemum as tested martials.N application rates of0,2.5and5.0g/(m2·a)were designed,representing CK,low Nand high Nrate;and water supply levels of field capacity of75%–80%,55%–60%and 35%–40%were setup,representing drought stress level of well-watered,moderate drought stress and severe drought stress in turn.The contents of C,N and Pin the shoot and root were determined and the C,N,and P stoichiometry were calculated.【Results】N addition and drought stress had no significant influence on C concentration in the aboveground and root of B. ischaemum.N addition increased the Nconcentration by 9.7%–48.8%(P<0.001)in the shoot,while drought stress decreased it by2.8%–28.3%(P<0.001).Nitrogen addition and drought stress had significant interactive effects on the root Nconcentration,N addition increased the Nconcentration by25.0%–26.1%(P<0.01)under well-watered condition and had no significant influence on it under drought stress condition.N addition and drought stress significantly decreased the Pconcentration by17.4%–31.8%and12.0%–22.1%in shoot.N addition and drought stress had significant interactive effects on the C∶N ratio in shoot,N addition increased the C∶N ratio by24.9%–32.9%(P<0.05)under drought stress,but not under well-watered condition.The C∶N ratio in the root of B. ischaemum was decreased by 19.8%–24.5%(P<0.05)by Naddition under well watered condition.N addition and drought stress decreased the C∶P ratio by24.4%–42.3%and12.2%–31.0%in the shoot of B. ischaemum,respectively,but not in the root.N addition significantly increased the N∶P ratio in the aboveground part of B. ischaemum,drought stress did not.N addition and drought stress had significant interactive influence on the N∶P ratio in the root of B. ischaemum,N addition increased the N∶P ratio by26.8%–54.8%(P<0.05)under well-watered condition and had no significant influence on it under drought stress condition.【Conclusions】N addition will increase the C∶P and N∶P ratio in the aboveground part of B. ischaemum under drought stress,intimating that the growth of B. ischaemum would be restrained by both Nand Pon the Loess Plateau with the aggravation of drought stress and N deposition to some extent.

Bothriochloa ischaemum;stoichiometry;drought;nitrogen addition;nutrient limitation; Loess Plateau

2017–01–05接受日期:2017–03–17

中科院西部青年学者项目(XAB2015A05);国家自然科学基金项目(41371510,41371508,41471438)资助。

孙彩丽(1989—),女,河南平顶山人,博士,主要从事水土保持及土壤微生物生态方面研究。E-mail:suncaili2007@126.com

*通信作者E-mail:gbliu@ms.iswc.ac.cn

猜你喜欢

白羊氮磷氮素
玻利维亚拟建新的氮磷钾肥料工厂
常规施肥与氮磷钾施肥对CX-80雪茄烟品质的影响
不同产量潜力小麦品种氮素积累与转运的差异
硅基膜材缓控释肥在红壤中的氮素释放特征研究
不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性研究
天上有只大白羊
氮素运筹对滴灌春小麦氮素吸收、利用及产量的影响
黑羊和白羊
淤泥土水稻“3414”氮磷互作肥效试验