陈爱武　夏起昕　胡曼

摘要：通过选用早熟油菜（Brassica napus L.）品种集成高密低氮、缓控释肥和生物调控技术，研究迟播油菜绿色增产增效技术。结果表明，选用早熟油菜品种圣光127，在湖北省10月22-30日进行播种，播种密度为60万～105万株/hm2，施氮量（纯N）为120～240 kg/hm2的条件下，可获得1 814.3～2 777.4 kg/hm2的产量。适当增加种植密度可以有效降低施氮量，起到以密省肥的作用，也能缓解因播期推迟引起的产量下降。实施种子处理、选用缓控肥、适度化学除草和叶面补肥等绿色技术能够促进迟播油菜生长发育，缩短全生育期至190 d左右，能够满足湖北地区油-稻-稻（再）三熟制生产的要求。10月22、30日播种的各处理平均产量2 278.9 kg/hm2，比全省平均产量2 100 kg/hm2增产178.9 kg/hm2，按照油菜子价格4.0元/kg计算，增效715.6元/hm2。

关键词：油菜（Brassica napus L.）；迟播；绿色栽培技术；增产增效

中图分类号：S565.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2017）11-2011-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2017.11.003

Abstract： To explore the green cultivation measures to increase yield and efficiency of late sowing rapeseed（Brassica napus L.），early maturing rapeseed，high plant density and low nitrogen，sustained controlled release fertilizers and biological technology were integrated via field testing. The results showed that the seed yield of early maturing rapeseed Shengguang 127 was 1 814.3 to 2 777.4 kg/hm2 when sowing date was during 22th to 30th in October，density was 600 000 to 1 050 000 plants/hm2，and nitrogen rate was 120 to 240 kg/hm2. Increasing the plant density appropriately could decrease the nitrogen application，and alleviate the yield loss due to late sowing. Pre-treated seed，sustained controlled release fertilizers，moderately chemical control on weed growth and leaf fertilizer could promote the development of late sown rapeseed，shorten the growth period to 190 d，which could meet the requirements of rapeseed-rice-rice cropping system in Hubei province. When the sowing date was during 22th to 30th in October，the average yield was 2 278.9 kg/hm2，yield increased by 178.9 kg/hm2 compared with yield of 2 100 kg/hm2 in Hubei， and benefit increased by 715.6 CNY/hm2 as the seed price of 4.0 CNY.

Key words： rapeseed （Brassica napus L.）； late sowing； green cultivation measures； increasing yielding and efficiency

按照以糧为主、粮油协调发展的指导原则，长江流域油菜（Brassica napus L.）的发展空间在三熟制[1]。湖北省是最有条件实现三熟制地区，生产中，油菜采取育苗移栽技术已经实现了稻-稻-油三熟制。但随着水稻生产的优质高产硬性指标要求，生育期不断推迟，严重挤压了油菜生长空间；同时油菜移栽环节劳动强度大、效率低，打消了农民种植油菜的积极性。直播油菜相对于移栽油菜而言，可减少用工。若采取直播方式，播种期在10月20日以后，则减产严重[2]，同时生育期也相应推迟，影响来年水稻适时栽插，不能实现三熟配套，导致三熟制不断萎缩，冬闲田增加。3年来湖北省牵头承担实施农业部油菜增产模式攻关项目，在早熟品种筛选[3]、油菜控释肥[4]、新型生物调控剂、草害控制[5]、迟播密植栽培[6]及油菜机械化生产技术[7]等单项技术取得了明显进展。……