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仙琴蛙广告鸣叫中不同音节生物学意义的差异研究

2017-06-19乐西子江帆薛飞方光战唐业忠

四川动物 2017年3期
关键词:脑区音节幅度

乐西子, 江帆, 薛飞, 方光战*, 唐业忠

(1. 中国科学院成都生物研究所,成都610041; 2. 中国科学院大学,北京100049)

仙琴蛙广告鸣叫中不同音节生物学意义的差异研究

乐西子1, 2, 江帆1, 薛飞1, 方光战1*, 唐业忠1

(1. 中国科学院成都生物研究所,成都610041; 2. 中国科学院大学,北京100049)

声音通讯对发声动物的生存和繁殖起着重要作用。但动物鸣声在时域上不同组成部分的生物学意义差异尚无定论。无尾两栖类的鸣声一般由音节和间隔组成,如雄性仙琴蛙Babinadaunchina的广告鸣叫由一至十余个音节及持续时间约为150 ms的间隔组成,这为研究不同音节生物学意义的差异提供了便利。本研究采用优化的失匹配负波(MMN)范式,在播放标准刺激(白噪声)和偏差刺激(同一个广告鸣叫的5个音节)时,采集脑电信号,经过叠加平均后得到MMN。结果显示,第一个音节对应的MMN幅度最高,而且具有大脑左侧优势。由于MMN幅度表征刺激与记忆痕迹之间的差异,同时反映投入的大脑资源,据此推测第一个音节在蛙类声音通讯中起至关重要的作用。

仙琴蛙; 广告鸣叫; 音节; 失匹配负波; 听觉偏侧性; 伪重复

声音通讯是发声动物交流的重要手段之一。一般而言,动物鸣声往往传递着物种、个体特征、繁殖状态、所处位置、资源占有等相关信息(Wells & Schwartz,2007),同时反映繁殖、领地防卫、觅食、反捕食等多种行为状态(Ryan,1985;Magnhagen,1991),即动物鸣声包含极为复杂的信息(Brillet & Paillette,1991;Doupe & Kuhl,1999;Tangetal.,2001;Brieferetal.,2010;Suzukietal.,2016),但是鸣声在时域上各组成部分的功能及其在声音通讯中的重要程度(即生物学意义差异)尚无定论。由于鸣声各部分的时频特征具有明显差异,动物对不同部分表现出不同的行为响应(Williams & Staples,1992;Tangetal.,2001;Suzukietal.,2016)。据此推测,在声音通讯中,鸣声各部分的功能及生物学意义不尽相同。

无尾两栖类的鸣声一般由音节(note)和间隔组成,这为研究鸣声各部分的功能与生物学意义提供了便利。与其他多数蛙类相似,仙琴蛙Babinadaunchina的求偶行为多在夜间进行,几乎完全依赖于声音通讯。雄性仙琴蛙一般在泥洞内鸣叫,也会在洞外鸣叫,雌雄两性均对前者的响应更大(Cuietal.,2012;Fangetal.,2014a)。雄性广告鸣叫包含一至十余个音节及持续时间约为150 ms的间隔;由于各音节均有明显不同的时频特征(Chenetal.,2011),且第一个音节可能在声音识别和鸣叫类型识别中起重要作用(Fangetal.,2015),所以仙琴蛙特别适合用于探究音节的生物学意义差异。

事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)是感觉运动或认知事件在大脑内诱发的、具有锁时关系的脑电(electroencephalogram,EEG)电位变化,与认知过程(包括注意、辨别、判断、选择和决策等)密切相关,其幅值和潜伏期可用于考察大脑对信息的加工过程、加工效率和时间进程(Luck,2005)。特别地,幅值往往表征着大脑在认知过程中所投入的资源。相关研究显示,仙琴蛙EEG/ERP信号会对不同声音刺激表现出显著差异(Fangetal.,2014b,2015;Xueetal.,2016)。据此推测,音节的生物学意义差异可通过ERP幅度表现出来。

本研究采用优化的失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN;一种ERP成分)实验范式,在播放不同声音刺激的同时,采集仙琴蛙的脑电信号;通过叠加平均获取MMN成分,进行统计比较,以此探讨各音节的生物学意义及听觉神经回路特性。预测不同音节诱发的MMN幅度存在差异,而第一个音节对应的幅度最大。

1 实验材料和方法

1.1 实验对象与手术过程

实验所用的16只成体仙琴蛙(雌雄各半)采自峨眉山,按性别分开饲养于半透明箱中(45 cm×35 cm×30 cm),箱内有适量的泥和水。饲养箱置于12 h光照周期(08∶00开灯)和恒温(23 ℃±1 ℃)的饲养房中,每3 d投喂活蟋蟀。手术时,仙琴蛙平均体质量11.0 g±0.6 g,平均体长4.6 cm±0.1 cm。实验在其繁殖期进行,所有相关操作遵守中国科学院成都生物研究所关于动物福利的相关规定。

使用0.15%鱼安定(Metacaine,MS-222)麻醉动物(Smith,1974;Späth & Schweickert,1977;Lalonde-Robertetal.,2012),暴露颅骨顶部,埋植电极,16个电极分别位于端脑、间脑和中脑左右两侧,参考电极在小脑上方。图1显示端脑6个电极(TL1、TR2、TL3、TR4、TL5、TR6)、间脑2个电极(DL7、DR8)、中脑8个电极(ML9、ML10、MR11、MR12、ML13、ML14、MR15、MR16)、参考(P)及对应的20 s EEG特征波形。用牙托水泥将电极固定在颅骨上,最后用局部消炎止痛药膏均匀涂抹创口。仙琴蛙清醒后单独置于装有适量纯净水的饲养盒中,并在水中加入适量庆大霉素消炎,恢复6 d后开始实验。实验结束后,对仙琴蛙进行安乐死,并在电极的相应位点注射苏木精染料,检查电极位置是否与预期一致。

图1 电极位置分布图及相应的20 s脑电特征波形

蛙脑中3条加粗虚线的交叉点表示人字缝; 电极坐标: TL1 (-1.5, 3.8), TR2 (1.5, 3.8), TL3 (-1.5, 2.4), TR4 (1.5, 2.4), TL5 (-1.5, 1), TR6 (1.5, 1), DL7 (-0.8, -0.2), DR8 (0.8, -0.2), ML9 (-2.2, -1.6), ML10 (-0.8, -1.6), MR11 (0.8, -1.6), MR12 (2.2, -1.6), ML13 (-2.2, -3.5), ML14 (-0.8, -3.5), MR15 (0.8, -3.5), MR16 (2.2, -3.5), P (0, -4.5)。

The intersection of the three dashed lines in bold in the frog head denotes the intersection of suture lines corresponding to lambda; the electrodes coordinates: TL1 (-1.5, 3.8), TR2 (1.5, 3.8), TL3 (-1.5, 2.4), TR4 (1.5, 2.4), TL5 (-1.5, 1), TR6 (1.5, 1), DL7 (-0.8, -0.2), DR8 (0.8, -0.2), ML9 (-2.2, -1.6), ML10 (-0.8, -1.6), MR11 (0.8, -1.6), MR12 (2.2, -1.6), ML13 (-2.2, -3.5), ML14(-0.8, -3.5), MR15 (0.8, -3.5), MR16 (2.2, -3.5), P (0, -4.5).

1.2 记录条件

实验在隔音室(背景噪音24.3 dB±0.7 dB)内的实验箱中进行。实验箱尺寸为80 cm×60 cm×55 cm,内含适量湿泥和少量水,两端带有栅栏状空格以便声音通过;其外包裹屏蔽铜网,消除信号干扰;其正上方架设具有运动检测功能的红外摄像头,记录动物运动。通过多通道动物行为与神经信号同步采集分析系统(OmniPlex64-D,Plexon,USA)采集EEG信号,采样频率1 000 Hz。

1.3 实验刺激

为避免伪重复,本研究采用4组声音刺激(Call1/2/3/4),每组包含6种声音:作为标准刺激的白噪声及作为偏差刺激的、同一洞内广告鸣叫的5个音节(Note1/2/3/4/5)。每组白噪声相同,但广告鸣叫来自不同个体(图2)。白噪声上升/下降沿均为10 ms(正弦调制),持续时间为150 ms,约等于各音节的持续时间均值。16只仙琴蛙随机分为4组(每组雌雄各半),每组对应1组刺激。

刺激通过放置在实验箱两端的音箱(SME-AFS,Saul Mineroff Electronics,Elmont,NY,USA)播放,声音强度通过声压计(AWA6291,杭州爱华)调整为65.0 dB±0.5 dB SPL(在实验箱中心测得,A计权)。

图2 声音刺激的波形图和频谱图

A. 白噪声; B~E. 来自4个不同个体的、包含5个音节的广告鸣叫(5个音节依次为Note1/2/3/4/5)。

A. white noise; B-E. 4 advertisement calls containing 5 notes (Note1/2/3/4/5) which are acquired from different individuals.

1.4 MMN实验范式

听觉MMN反映听者注意力向新颖刺激(即偏差刺激)的自动转移,包括听觉记忆的更新和警觉过程(Näätänenetal.,2011)。一般通过Oddball范式诱发,即基于被试能察觉小概率呈现的偏差刺激和大概率呈现的标准刺激之间的区别。

本研究采用MMN优化范式(Näätänenetal.,2004),即标准刺激的呈现概率为50%,其他5个偏差刺激(Note1/2/3/4/5)的呈现概率均为10%。实验分为3个部分(block),共播放1 845个刺激,2个block间休息5 min以免仙琴蛙疲乏(Deveney & Pizzagalli,2008)。每个block以15个标准刺激开始,用于形成记忆痕迹;之后的刺激序列为每个标准刺激紧跟一个随机的偏差刺激,直至每个偏差刺激呈现一次,如此反复。刺激间隔(inter-stimulus interval,ISI)为500 ms。每个刺激开始瞬间,通过C++程序将触发信号送至OmniPlex64-D系统,用于后续的ERP锁时分析。

1.5 ERP信号采集

仙琴蛙恢复6 d后,放入实验箱并连接到OmniPlex64-D系统适应24 h后,在播放听觉刺激的同时采集仙琴蛙的脑电信号和行为数据。实验前一天喂食,实验过程中不进食,以保证信号受营养代谢的影响最小。

1.6 数据处理

EEG信号经过50 Hz陷波和0.25~25 Hz带通滤波后,从刺激起始点进行分段(-100~500 ms),手动去伪迹;然后按刺激类型对epoch进行叠加平均,并在被试间进行总平均。取50~250 ms为MMN时间窗(Biermann & Heil,2000;Korpilahtietal.,2001;Ostroffetal.,2003;Yagoetal.,2003;McDonaldetal.,2005;Näätänenetal.,2007;Fangetal.,2015)。MMN差异波为偏差刺激与标准刺激两者对应波形之差(Näätänenetal.,1978),后续统计分析均基于差异波,幅度和潜伏期分别采用平均幅度算法(Handy,2005)和半面积算法(Luck,2005)测量。

1.7 统计分析

对MMN差异波的幅度和潜伏期分别进行正态分布检验(Shapiro-WilkW检验)和方差同质检验(Levene’s检验)。利用四因素(刺激、电极、组别和性别)重复测量ANOVA分析。若交互显著,进行简单效应分析或简单-简单效应分析(舒华,张亚旭,2008)。由于后两个因素的主效应及与其他因素的交互效应均不显著,故改为双因素重复测量ANOVA。事后检验采用LSD;若必要,进行Greenhouse-Geisser校正;效应度通过partialη2检测(0.20为低效应度,0.50为中效应度,0.80为高效应度)(Cohen,1992)。统计分析使用SPSS 20.0。显著性水平定义为α=0.05。

2 结果

差异波总平均波形如图3所示,每种刺激起始后50~250 ms内出现一负向波峰,这与人类听觉MMN成分的特征类似(Näätänenetal.,1978),提示仙琴蛙的听觉系统能自动探测具有差异的声音信息。

2.1 MMN幅度的统计结果

MMN差异波幅度在不同电极下的差异有统计学意义[F(15, 225)=1.842,partialη2=0.109,P=0.03],且电极和刺激间交互显著[F(60, 900)=1.365,partialη2=0.083,P=0.038]。对于不同刺激,不同电极对应的幅度趋势为TR6>ML10>MR11>DL7>TR4>DR8>TL3>MR15>ML9>TL5>ML14>TR2>TL1>ML13>MR12>MR16;其中差异有统计学意义的为:TR6a,DR8a,ML9a>MR12b;ML10a,MR11a,DL7a>MR12b,ML13b,MR16b;MR15a,ML14a>MR16b(P<0.05;在每组比较中,不同上标字母表示差异有统计学意义,相同上标字母表示差异无统计学意义;图4)。对于不同电极,5个音节对应的差异波幅度趋势大多为:Note1最大、Note5和Note4次之、Note2和Note3相对最小,其中,Note1对应的幅度显著大于Note2和Note3(图4)。

2.2 MMN潜伏期的统计结果

对MMN潜伏期进行统计分析的结果显示,MMN的平均潜伏期在刺激、电极、组别和性别间的差异均无统计学意义。

3 讨论

3.1 第一个音节具有最重要的生物学意义

统计结果显示,Note1、Note4和Note5能诱发相对较大的MMN,其中Note1对应的幅度最大。由于MMN幅度表征刺激与模板之间的差异(Näätänenetal.,2007),并反映投入的大脑资源(Näätänenetal.,1978;Näätänen & Michie,1979;Sussman,2007),据此推测,Note1可能在声音通讯中起着至关重要的作用,Note4 和Note5亦起着相对重要的作用。

图3 5种偏差刺激在不同脑区诱发的失匹配负波差异波

DNote1/2/3/4/5表示Note1/2/3/4/5对应的差异波。

DNote1/2/3/4/5 are the difference waves for the 5 notes.

图4 失匹配负波差异波的平均幅度及标准误

*P<0.05.

这一推论与Note1在声音种类识别及鸣叫类型识别中起着关键作用的结论一致(Fangetal.,2015)。研究发现,MMN幅度与声音刺激的频率(Jacobsen & Schröger,2001)、持续时间(Jaramilloetal.,2000;Todd & Michie,2000;Peteretal.,2010)、谐波数量(Tervaniemietal.,2000)、包络结构(Brunsetal.,2000;Honbolygóetal.,2004)及刺激频率的复杂度(Näätänenetal.,1993)相关,提示当前的MMN差异可能是不同音节间时频域特征差异作用的结果。未来研究可以量化各音节的时频特征,并探讨各特征与MMN幅度的关系。

3.2 蛙类声音通讯具有大脑偏侧性

统计结果显示,左侧脑区多数电极对应的MMN幅度大于右侧对应脑区。由于MMN幅度不仅表征刺激与模板之间的差异,同时反映投入的大脑资源,因此当前结果提示蛙类在进行声音通讯时具有左侧大脑优势。这一结果与蛙类存在右耳优势相符(Fangetal.,2014b;Xueetal.,2015;薛飞等,2016);同时也与既往脑电研究结果相符,即仙琴蛙在声音通讯中,左侧脑区比右侧脑区更为活跃,EEG模式更为复杂,EEG能量更大(Fangetal.,2015;Jiangetal.,2015;Liuetal.,2016)。

统计结果还显示,端脑中更靠近间脑的电极的MMN幅度更大。一方面,因为蛙类存在右耳优势,右耳的声音信息投射到左侧中脑的半环隆枕区并上行至端脑,因此左侧端脑区域的MMN幅度相对更大;另一方面,端脑靠近间脑的脑区分布着中隔核与纹状体,而这2个核团的主要功能是对声音信息进行感知、处理和整合,而端脑的前端靠近嗅球,并未过多参与声音信息处理(Walkowiak,2007),因此靠近间脑电极的MMN幅度相对更大。中脑中央电极对应的MMN幅度显著大于外围电极,可能是由于半环隆枕区更靠近中央部位。半环隆枕区是对来自左右两侧的声音信息进行感知、整合,并向间脑、端脑传递整合结果的关键脑区(Walkowiak,2007)。中脑左侧脑区的MMN幅度大于右侧脑区,同样可能源于右耳优势。

3.3 动物ERP实验不受伪重复影响

伪重复这一概念源于生态学实验设计(Hurlbert,1984),后被延伸至动物行为学和神经科学等领域的实验设计中(Lazic,2010)。为了验证伪重复可能存在的影响,本研究采用了4组不同的刺激,每组包含一个来自不同个体的广告鸣叫(含5个音节)。通过对数据进行四因素重复测量方差分析发现,4组刺激之间的差异无统计学意义,而音节之间的差异在4组刺激间保持相对一致和稳定,即第一个音节对应的MMN幅度最大。这说明伪重复并不影响当前的结果,第一个音节确实具有明显高于其他音节的生物学意义。

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Biological Significances of Advertisement Call Notes inBabinadaunchina

YUE Xizi1, 2, JIANG Fan1, XUE Fei1, FANG Guangzhan1*, TANG Yezhong1

(1. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

Complex acoustic communication sounds play a crucial role in coordinating social and reproductive behaviors in many terrestrial species. However, the biological significance of each component of such complex sounds is still unclear. Most of the calls of male anuran species are composed of a series of notes and intervals. For example, advertisement calls of the male Emei music frog (Babinadaunchina) frequently contain one to ten or more notes that are separated by intervals of approximately 150 ms. Therefore, Emei music frog is an interesting model to explore the biological significance of each note. By using the optimized paradigm of mismatch negativity (MMN), one standard stimulus (white noise) and 5 deviant stimuli(5 notes from one advertisement call) were played back to frogs and multichannel electroencephalogram recordings were then obtained. The results showed that the MMN amplitudes were greater in the left hemisphere, indicating a left brain advantage for perceiving these deviations. While the MMN amplitude of the first note was significantly larger than that of others. Since the MMN amplitude is thought to reflect not only the difference between the standard and deviant stimuli, but also the brain resources devoted to cognitive processing, it is reasonable to speculate that the first note is the most important unit of vocal communication in frogs.

Babinadaunchina; advertisement call; note; mismatch negativity; auditory lateralization; pseudoreplication

2016-11-14 接受日期:2017-01-20

国家自然科学基金项目(31672305; 31372217)

乐西子, 女, 硕士, 研究方向:动物声音通讯及其神经机理, E-mail:lexz@cib.ac.cn

*通信作者Corresponding author, E-mail:fanggz@cib.ac.cn

10.11984/j.issn.1000-7083.20160313

Q955; Q959.5

A

1000-7083(2017)03-0241-08

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