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非谓语动词考点精讲精练

2017-05-16籍万杰

试题与研究·高考英语 2017年1期
关键词:典例动名词分词

籍万杰

山东

非谓语动词是高考语法填空和短文改错必考热点语法项目之一。本文结合高考真题和典型考题对非谓语动词的考点进行梳理和总结,帮助大家明确考点,找出解题规律和方法。

一、考查非谓语动词作主语

能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。两者的区别是:表示某一具体的动作时,多用不定式;表示比较抽象的一般的行为倾向时,多用动名词。当动名词或不定式短语较长时,常用it作形式主语放在句首而把动名词或不定式短语放于句末。

【典例】______(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.(2015年安徽卷)

解析:Ignoring。分析句子结构可知,本句的谓语动词是will be,因此前面部分是主语,应该使用动名词短语作主语。

二、考查非谓语动词作宾语

不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,如want, wish, hope, manage, demand, promise, refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree, expect等。有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语,如admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, deny, stand等。有些动词或动词短语后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟动名词作宾语,如forget, remember, regret, mean, try, go on等,但意义上有区别。

【典例1】I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.(2016年全國卷III,短文改错)

解析:wear改为wearing。介词by后应接动名词作宾语。

【典例2】After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on ______ (thank) all the people who had helped in her career.(2015年陕西卷)

解析:to thank。go on后接to do或doing作宾语均可,但是go on doing sth.表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”;而go on to do sth.表示“接着做另一件事”,即接下去做与原来不同的一件事。由语境可知,Anne Benedict在拿奖后又继续做另一件事,即“感谢所有帮助过她的人”,故用go on to do sth.。

【典例3】I cant stand _____(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ______(stop) talking while she works.

解析:working; to stop。cant stand后接动名词作宾语,意思是“不能忍受做某事”;refuse后接不定式作宾语,意思是“拒绝做某事”。

三、考查非谓语动词作宾补和主补

能作宾补和主补的非谓语动词有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。用哪种非谓语动词形式往往取决于句中动词所使用的句型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的时态和语态意义。

一般来说,不定式的一般式表示将来意义,不定式的完成式表示过去意义;现在分词表示主动或进行意义;过去分词表示被动或完成意义。解题时可根据句中非谓语动词所表示的时间意义和与其逻辑主语的主被动关系选择合适的非谓语动词。

【典例1】Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ______ (take) good care of at home.(2015年陕西卷)

解析:taken。分析句子结构可知,此处是“see+宾语+宾补”结构。此处his mother和take good care of之间是被动关系,故填表示被动意义的过去分词。

【典例2】To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______(speak) as much as we can.

解析:spoken。作宾补的非谓语动词speak与其逻辑主语English之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系,故应使用表示被动意义的过去分词。

四、考查非谓语动词作定语

不定式、现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语,主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义不同。一般来说,不定式表示将来意义,用于表示尚未发生的动作;现在分词表示其逻辑主语主动发出的动作,并含有进行意义;而过去分词表示的是其逻辑主语的被动和完成的动作。

【典例1】To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study _______ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.(2016年浙江卷) 解析:conducted。分析句子结构可知,括号中的动词在句中作定语,修饰study,应使用非谓语形式。study与conduct之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。

【典例2】In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ______(hide) within the work.(2016年江蘇卷)

解析:hidden。考查非谓语动词作定语。本句中名词短语a secret message与动词hide构成被动关系,所以使用过去分词hidden作定语,相当于定语从句“that is hidden...”。

【典例3】The park was full of people _____(enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.(2015年北京卷)

解析:enjoying。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。enjoy的逻辑主语是people,人们玩得开心是主动的,因此填表示主动意义的现在分词enjoying作定语,相当于定语从句“who were enjoying...”。

【典例4】There are still many problems ______ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.(2014年北京卷)

解析:to be solved。根据句意可知,还有很多问题要解决。表示将来,应使用不定式,再根据solve与其逻辑主语之间的被动关系可知,应使用不定式的被动形式,故填to be solved。

五、考查非谓语动词作状语

不定式、现在分词和过去分词都能作状语。作什么样的状语往往取决于他们的位置和在句中的意义。不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语,在句末可作目的或结果状语。现在分词短语放在句首多作原因、条件、时间、让步等状语,在句末多作方式、伴随状语,也可作结果状语。过去分词短语放在句首多表示时间、条件、原因等,放在句末表示对前面的情况起补充说明作用,同时与句子主语具有被动关系。

【典例1】______ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.(2016年北京卷)

解析:To make。根据句意可知,前半部分作目的状语,表目的用动词不定式,故填To make。

【典例2】Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _______(turn) the old town into a dreamland.(2016年北京卷)

解析:turning。句中已经有谓语动词且前后句间没有连词连接,故使用非谓语动词。根据逻辑关系可知表示主动意义,故用现在分词。

【典例3】______ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.(2016年北京卷)

解析:Ordered。分析句子结构可知,空格处应使用非谓语动词短语作状语。order的逻辑主语是句子的主语the books,两者之间含有被动意义,故填过去分词形式。

六、考查非谓语动词作表语

分词作表语时,看分词与主语的关系。若是主谓关系,用现在分词;若是被动关系,用过去分词。另外,要注意一组动词(amuse, bore, disappoint, excite, fascinate, freeze, frighten, horrify, inspire, interest, move, surprise, touch等)的用法。其同根形容词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词表示主语所具有的特征,意思是“令人……的”;过去分词表示主语所处的状态,意思是“(某人)感到……的”。

【典例1】At dinner, we said to her, “Happy Mothers Day!” Mom was grateful and moving. (2016年四川卷,短文改错)

解析:moving改为moved。was后接形容词作表语。此处用and连接两个形容词并列作表语。moving虽然也是形容词,但是通常用于形容或修饰物,意思是“令人感动的”。此处表示妈妈自己“感动”,应使用moved。

【典例2】While waiting for the opportunity to get______(promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.(2014年安徽卷)

解析:promoted。get是连系动词,后接形容词作表语,根据句意可知,此处表示“被提拔”的意思,故填表示被动意义的过去分词。

七、考查“连词+分词”的省略用法

分词短语常常可以用在某些连词如since, when, while, whenever, no matter how, once, until, if等之后,形成状语从句中的省略现象。使用现在分词还是过去分词取决于其与省略的逻辑主语的主被动关系。主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。

【典例1】Video games can be a poor influence if _______(leave) in the wrong hands. (2015年湖南卷)

解析:left。考查“连词+分词”的省略用法。本题中从句省略了与主句相同的主语Video games,其与动词leave含有逻辑上的被动关系,故填过去分词。补充完整为“...if they are left...”。

【典例2】 If _______ (accept) for the job, youll be informed soon.(2015年北京卷)

解析:accepted。本句中的if條件状语从句中省略了主语you,与accept构成被动关系,应用过去分词accepted。补充完整为“If you are accepted...”。

八、考查独立主格结构

独立主格结构在形式上与主句没有任何关系,但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起,共同构筑成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语,没有真正的主语和谓语,所以在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的特殊结构。独立主格结构中选用分词时也是看其与前面逻辑主语的关系来决定的,主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。

【典例】Much time _____(spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.(2015年江苏卷)

解析:spent。该题中没有连词,中间是逗号,后面是一个完整的句子,因此前面不能是句子,故使用独立主格结构。逻辑主语time与动词spend含有逻辑上的被动关系,故使用表示被动意义的过去分词spent。

九、巩固练习

(一)单句填空

1. The next thing he saw was smoke _______(rise) from behind the house.

2. The island, _______(join) to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.

3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _______(say) nothing about the argument.

4. Its important for the figures _______(update) regularly.

5. _______(translate) into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

6. Look over there — theres a very long, winding path _______ (lead) up to the house.

7. Recently a survey_______(compare) prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.

8. Tsinghua University, _______(found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

9. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _______(hold).

10. Simon made a big bamboo box _______(keep) the little sick bird till it could fly.

11. The footballer didnt succeed in scoring, though ______(give) several chances by his teammates.

12. Microblogs experienced rapid growth in 2010 in China, with the number of microblog operators, users and visitors ________( increase) several times.

13. Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions _______(take)?

14. _______(catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

15._______(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.

16. _______(absorb) in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.

17. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without _______

(recognize).

18. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _______(find) it didnt fit.

19. When it comes to _______(speak) in public, no one can match him.

20. _______(spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

21. Its quite hot today. Do you feel like _______ (go) for a swim?

22. Children, when _______(accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.

23. _______(understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.

24. They came up with a lot of plans at the meeting, none of them _______(carry) out in their work.

25. ______(expose) to alcohol, whether for an adult or for a teenager, is definitely harmful from all aspects.

26. _______(wait) in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the money in the car.

27. She would move quietly up to the sparrow on a small tree just to get a better look, her face _______(shine) with childlike expressions at one of Gods simple wonders.

28._______(taste) nice, the food was all eaten up soon.

29. With lots of problems ________(solve) in the class, our teacher looks very relaxed and happy.

30. In Singapore, people _______(catch) eating or drinking on the subway can be fined up to 500 Singapore dollars.

31. Passengers are permitted _______(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.

32. She said she was unlucky _______(miss) the train, and had to spend another day here.

33. The Silk Road Economic Belt _______(build) aims to enhance economic cooperation, traffic connectivity, as well as people-to-people and cultural exchanges.

34. Environmentalists observe that there is less fresh water for drinking and irrigation, thus _______(endanger) agriculture downstream.

35. The parents do everything they can _______ (provide) their daughter with good education, so that she will get a good job in the future.

36. I learned that he was 21 years old, ________(study) Asian literature and history at Sydney University.

37. The little girl, with tears________(roll) down her cheeks, stopped crying suddenly when given an apple.

38. ________(attract) by the latest electronic toys, the little boy stood in front of the windows, without moving.

39. When he was ready to leave he found his bicycles front tyre flat. He had to look for a place along the street to get his bicycle ________(repair).

40. Eventually, I decided ________(contact) University Student Legal Services for help about this matter.

(二)語篇填空

1 (keep) a diary in English is one of the effective ways to improve our English writing ability.

2 (compare) with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time. It can help us 3 (develop) the habit of thinking in English. 4 we persist in this practice, gradually well learn how to express ourselves in English. In keeping a diary in English, we certainly run up against many 5 (difficult). In the first place, it often happens that we have trouble 6 (find) appropriate words and phrases to give expression to our mind. Secondly, there are many idiomatic ways of saying things in Chinese. And it is extremely hard for us

7 (put) them into English properly.

As far as I 8 (concern), my suggestion is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese?English dictionary within easy reach. Whenever something beats us, we can first put it down in our notebook and then consult our dictionary. We can also turn to our English teacher for help, if necessary. In short, I believe that it is 9 great use to keep a diary in English for 10 development of our writing skills.

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