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工作午餐几多愁

2017-05-02ByStephanieBuck

英语学习 2017年4期
关键词:用餐午餐词典

By+Stephanie+Buck

Lunch as we know it has only existed for some 200 years. Before the 19th century, a Western lunch was defined as“as much food as ones hand can hold,” according to a 1755 dictionary entry1. But when industrialization came to major cities, people (mostly men) stayed at work for longer hours, or all day. A new meal had to be created so workers could literally2 regain strength for the rest of the days labor.

Later, technological innovations like the pocket watch and punch clock ensured workers every second was accounted for.3 And the quicker a person could bang out said meal, the sooner he could punch back in.4

“Haste seems to be a controlling factor in the luncheon of the worker,” observed Munseys Magazine in 1901.5 It named the new phenomenon the “quick lunch.”

The culture of the quick lunch originated in New York, says culinary6 historian Laura Shapiro. “New York has all the conditions that make America different from the Old World7 in terms of speed and work and the arrangement of life. In New York, the focus of peoples lives is work, and lunch is the meal that was just made to fit into the industrial, urban work day.”

Geographically, more businesses and factories clustered in lower Manhattan, making the area chaotic with congestion and noise.8 As a result, more residents moved north to quieter areas and restaurants, automats, and food carts took their place.9

Counter-service restaurants, also known as “one-arm” joints, were complicit in the culture of speed.10 Patrons could order fast food and eat it at counters standing up, packed in tightly—using only one hand.11 Restaurants encouraged the pace. Some menus even warned they were “not responsible for personal property”if it was stolen in the hustle12.

One intrepid New York Times reporter spent a month timing diners in a single quick-eating establishment in Times Square, in part because Americans had earned the reputation by this time of “gobbling food almost whole.”13 Two men stood out, he said. One finished his meal in 48 seconds; the other in one minute and 55 seconds. Of the latter, “The man simply tossed14 the food into his mouth, which was large, and swallowed it as fast as his throat could work. The putting of the food into the mouth and the swallowing seemed almost simultaneous15.”

Some people got tired of the quick lunch and restaurants monotonous16 menus. They brought bagged lunches or pails and checked out all together.17 According to a 1901 feature for Munseys Magazine, manual laborers would “sit in the half finished doorways, or prop themselves against the walls” or “even spread their luncheon on the curb.”18 He compares their “hour of luxurious ease” to businessmen who would “feed,” rather than lunch.

Office professionals fancied their own version of lunch escapism.19 A 1904 issue of Good Housekeeping chronicles one readers solution: a simple bag lunch of sandwich and a “little dainty” like almonds or raisins—eaten at his desk.20 About 60% of professionals eat lunch at their desks, and about half eat alone. What would otherwise be an hour free of work obligations is spent catching up on email and punching out small tasks, like responding to Slack messages; in other words, minutiae that can survive the “distraction” of a sandwich.21 And theyve been doing it for decades. Its why we have bromidic lists titled “12 Lunch Break Ideas That Improve Your Productivity,” with flamethrower tips like “read about your industry” and “make phone calls.”22

Its New Yorks fault, really. When lunch outside the office got too crazy, people began retreating23 to their desks. Top that off with decades of increasing productivity pressures and on-demand delivery options and youve got the recipe for todays sad desk lunch, with only a greasy keyboard for company.24

Hope your productivity is worth it. (Its not.)

1. entry: 條目。

2. literally: 真正地,确实地。

3. 之后,怀表和打卡钟这样的技术创新确保了工人们的每分每秒都能尽其所用。pocket watch: 怀表;punch clock:打卡钟,考勤钟;account for: 解释,说明。

4. bang out: 匆匆做出,这里指匆忙吃完(午餐);punch in: 上班打卡。

5. luncheon: 正式午餐;Munseys Magazine:《芒西周刊》,由美国报业大亨弗兰克·芒西于1889年创办。

6. culinary: 烹饪的。

7. Old World: 旧世界(欧、亚、非),与新世界(New World,指美国)相对。

8. cluster: 成群地聚集于;lower Manhattan:曼哈顿下城,指曼哈顿南部地区,华尔街所在地;chaotic: 混乱的;congestion: 拥挤,拥塞。

9. automat: 自动售货机;food cart: 食品车。

10. 柜台服务式餐厅,又称“单臂场所”,正顺应了这种快节奏文化。joint: 公共场所(尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所);complicit: 串通一气的。

11. 顾客们挤在一起,点一份快餐,站在柜台前只用单手就能搞定午餐。patron:顾客,(老)主顾。

12. hustle: 推搡,挤。

13.《纽约时报》一名勇敢的记者在时报广场旁一家速食店里蹲守了一个月,测算食客的用餐时间,部分原因就是那时的美国人已被冠以“整吞食物”的不雅名声。intrepid: 勇猛的,无畏的;time: v. 测时;gobble: 狼吞虎咽地吃。

14. toss: 扔,投。

15. simultaneous: 同时的。

16. monotonous: 单调的。

17. pail: 提桶;check out: 下班。

18. 根据《芒西周刊》1901年的一篇专题报道,体力劳动者会“坐在半完工的门廊里,或者倚靠着墙壁,甚至把午饭摊在路边”。feature:(报纸、电视等的)特写,专题;prop against: 倚靠在……上;curb: 路边。

19. fancy: 喜爱;escapism: 逃避主义。

20. issue: 刊期;chronicle: 记录;dainty: 美味;almond: 杏仁;raisin: 葡萄干。

21. 原本可以免于工作的一个小时则用来处理邮件或完成琐碎工作,比如回复Slack(企业聊天工具)信息,换句话说,就是那些不会因吃三明治而分神的小事。obligation: 职责;catch up on: 赶做(尚未做或忘记做的事),弥补;punch out: 打孔,打掉,这里指完成一件件工作;minutiae: 细节,琐事,minutia的复数。

22. bromidic: 无聊的,单调的;flamethrower: 喷火器。

23. retreat: 撤回。

24. 几十年来,生产力压力不断增大,按需配送的选择也越来越多,结果便是如今这令人难过的办公桌午餐,留给你的只有公司里油腻腻的电脑键盘。top off with: 以……结束;greasy: 油腻的。

阅读感评

∷秋叶 评

我们中国人对于一日三餐有种流行的说法是“早吃好、午吃饱、晚吃少”,是指午餐要吃得丰富而足量,这样才能承上启下,起到满足一日热量所需的中流砥柱的作用。至于这是我们中国人自古以来就有的根深蒂固的观念,还是几十年来的当代说法,笔者未做进一步的考证。

西方的词典一般有对于一个词汇详细的词源追溯。原文一开始,作者就指出,“在19世纪之前,根据一部1755年出版的词典,西方的午餐被释义为‘人们一只手能抓住的食物。”(Before the 19th century, a Western lunch was defined as “as much food as ones hand can hold,” according to a 1755 dictionary entry.)这部1755年的词典当然指的是18世纪英国大文豪约翰逊博士(Samuel Johnson)以一人之力完成的《英语词典》(A Dictionary of the English Language)。这部词典在很长一段时间内影响力堪比《圣经》,因此常被人引用。“一只手能抓住的食物”,当然量不会很大,而且品种似乎也不会太多,这倒基本符合约翰逊所处的18世纪中期及之前时代英国人对于午餐的进食习惯。

据《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary),“lunch”这个词最早出现于1580年,指的是“介于更充实的两餐之间的一餐,也可能指一片奶酪或面包”。(A meal that was eaten between more substantial meals. It may also mean a piece of cheese or bread.)直至19世纪初,午餐往往是女士们逢丈夫不在家时结伴共享,19世纪40年代开始有了下午茶以作午餐的补充。我们似乎能够想象到,这些养尊处优的女士们是如何在自家庭院里的暖阳下,慢慢享用着小点心与红茶并悠闲地说着话。随着19世纪工业化的进程,工人们要长时间在工厂里工作,中间往往有一小时的午餐时间,以便下午有足够的体力继续工作。这样,午餐在英国逐渐成为了必吃的一餐。开始的时候,这些男人回家吃午餐,但后来工厂离家越来越远,他们就自带便餐。同时,许多小饭馆也在工厂附近应运而生,供应现成食品。直至今日,英国人还常在小酒馆(pub,更为现代的是gastro-pub)吃午餐,可能是这种传统的延续。英国小酒馆的标准食品是鱼加薯条(fish&chips)等,或者英国传统的“庄稼汉午餐”(ploughmans lunch),即一种供外带的包含面包、奶酪、肉、腌制洋葱等较丰盛的午餐。总的来说,在英国人那里,午餐是介于早餐与工作后回到家里要美美享受的晚餐之间较简单的一餐。这与葡萄牙、西班牙等国家将午餐当作正餐有较大差异。同样,在美国等北美地区,午餐也非正餐,往往是一个三明治加一杯饮料或一个汤。有的进快餐店或咖啡店,有的拿了食品饮料往露天台阶或草坪一坐,很快吃完了事。当然,随着“按需配送”和“第一时间抵达”的外卖时代的到来,公司白领的办公桌午餐就越来越普遍了。过去影视剧中常见一些白领脖子上夹着座机话筒,双手还在不停忙乎的“酷”样,而今同样的大忙人更是以在办公室一边忙于各种多媒体的浏览应答,一边吞咽着“multi-task productivity-improving luncheon”为时尚。

原文显然对这种“多(任务)、快(用餐)、满(负荷)、省(时间)、独(处一隅)”的纽约白领式午餐风格颇不以为然。其矛头所向,显然不是午餐丰盛程度的欠缺,而是消费午餐的方式方法。概括起来无非是两宗罪:一、求快(haste,quick lunch),变品尝为吞咽(feed, rather than lunch);二、用餐不专心、不放松,變原本该有的悠闲享受为额外负担。这些职业人(professionals)恨不得自己能长出三头六臂,在用餐的同时一股脑儿地处理掉头绪繁多的日常事务。然而,这却是一种现代病,导致抑郁症与早衰早逝的频繁发生。工业化时代由于劳动强度的需求而让人重视午餐,到了网络化时代却因为海量信息的干扰而引发“无事生非”(much ado about nothing),几乎要取消我们更需要认真对待的这一餐了,这确实令人遗憾。好在有消息称,自2010年以来,即在西方社会深陷金融危机之时,人们又有了回归到要好好享受细嚼慢咽的午餐——“three martini lunch”的呼声。这“三杯马提尼(鸡尾)酒午餐”指的是午餐的用时至少要持续到喝完三杯鸡尾酒的时间。呼吁者大概是在提议一顿完整的午餐至少需要半小时吧。诚然,做任何事往往都是“欲速则不达”,这尤其适用于像用餐这种需调动身与心的事情。

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