董鹏

【摘 要】城乡要素的交换是在特定的经济社会体制背景下进行的，并随着经济发展和国家战略取向的变化而转变。在传统的农村市场，商品化和市场化水平较低，对各种要素交易需求较小，各类要素市场欠发达，因要素不平等交换而导致的农村要素收益外溢相对较少。城乡要素的不平等交换问题得到学界的广泛关注。当前城乡要素交换是不平等的：要素交易机会不平等、要素功能不完善、要素流动不充分与“掠夺式”流失并存、要素报酬与要素贡献偏离。城乡要素不平等交换有其表征，要素市场的二元性、非均衡、扭曲和无序导致要素市场化水平偏低，要素市场专业化程度不高。实现要素市场主体权利对等的基本条件是：要素多元占有主体并存且占有主体之间存在差异，要素占有主体在要素市场上处于平等地位，各要素占有主体间进行要素交换必须是自由的。城乡要素平等交换有其价值诉求和实现途径。

【关键词】要素；要素流动；平等交换；实现途径

[Abstract] Elements of the exchange between urban and rural areas is in a particular system under the background of economy and society， and as the change of economic development and national strategy orientation and transformation. In the traditional rural market， the low level of commercialization and marketization， smaller demand for various elements trading， less developed， all kinds of factor market caused by unequal exchange factors of the rural factor income spillover is relatively small. Of the elements of the urban and rural inequality exchange question is academic attention. The current urban and rural elements are not equal： exchange elements trading opportunities inequality， the function is not perfect， inadequate factors movement and the "predatory" loss coexist， elements and reward contributions deviation. Elements unequal exchange between urban and rural areas has its characterization， duality of factor market， unbalanced and distorted and disorder lead to elements of marketization level is low， the factor market specialization degree is not high.Achieves rights equality is the basic condition of main factor market： elements of multiple subjects between the principals coexist and possess， elements of subject in the market is in equal status， has all the elements between the main body to exchange elements must be free.

[Key words] elements； factor mobility； equal exchange； realization approach

改革开放以来，通过一系列农业与农村改革，我国城乡商品和服务市场不平等交换的状况已基本改变，市场化进程的重点转向要素市场化的培育。在从计划经济向市场经济转型过程中，要素有了很好的释放与培育，土地、资本等以往很难流通的要素进入市场流通，各种要素存量与增量流转开始货币化[1]。城乡要素交换关系中的市场因素大大增加，但要素并没有随……