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链接高考真题 把握英语词类和句子成分

2017-02-16河南庞先庆特级教师

教学考试(高考英语) 2017年4期
关键词:介词谓语宾语

河南 赵 炜 庞先庆(特级教师)

链接高考真题 把握英语词类和句子成分

河南 赵 炜 庞先庆(特级教师)

1. While intelligent people can often simplify the complex,a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.(2013,湖北卷,23)

【精品译文】聪明的人常简化复杂的东西,而愚者倾向于使简单的东西复杂化。

【核心提炼】句子成分和词类的概念以及二者的关系。

【解读与归纳】根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,这种类别叫作词类,包括名词(noun,缩写为n.)、代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)、形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)、数词(numeral,缩写为num.)、动词(verb,缩写为v.)、副词(adverb,缩写为adv.)、冠词(article,缩写为art.)、介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)、连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)和感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)十大类。

一个句子由各个功用不同的部分构成,这些部分叫作句子成分。在句子里,一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。英语句子主要有主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、宾语补足语(object complement)七种成分。

【即时演练】说出下面句子画线部分的词类或句法功能。

(1)When the group discussion is nearing its end,make sure to conclude it with important points.

【Key】本句中,When the group discussion is nearing its end是连词when引导的从句,作状语,动词make sure作谓语,不定式短语to conclude it作宾语。

(2)According to the law,all foreigners have to register with the local police within two weeks of arrival.

【Key】本句中,all是形容词,作定语;名词foreigners作主语,动词have to和register分别是情态动词和实意动词,二者作复合谓语,三个介词短语According to the law,with the local police和within two weeks作状语。

2. You are the team star!Working with others is really your cup of tea.(2010,安徽卷,21)

【精品译文】你是球队明星!与他人合作必须是你喜欢做的事。

It’s a good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai world expo that gives them pleasure.(2010,福建卷,21)

【精品译文】人们喜欢上海世博会给他们的快乐,这是一种不错的感觉。

【核心提炼】主语(subject)。

【解读与归纳】主语是句子叙述的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词,短语和句子等来充当,通常位于句首。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的主语,并说出其类型。

(3)First impressions are the most lasting. After all,you never get a second chance to make a first impression.

【Key】名词impression,代词you。

(4)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.

【Key】动名词Being able to afford a drink。

【温馨提醒】形式主语it的用法

当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,通常在句首使用形式主语it,而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。例如:

●The doctor thought it would be good for you to have a holiday. 医生认为度假对你来说是有好处的。(2010,全国卷Ⅱ,14)

●It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger,more prosperous economy.我们的信念就是卫生保健的改善会带来更强、更繁荣的经济。(2006,浙江卷,4)

3. Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up the weakening of the human body.(2010,浙江卷,2)

【精品译文】许多生活方式对人类的健康有害,他们加速了人类身体的衰退。

This restaurant has become popular for its wide range of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.(2010,湖北卷,21)

【精品译文】这家餐馆越来越出名是因为它提供各种各样的适应各种类型人群的食物。

【核心提炼】谓语(predicate)。

【解读与归纳】谓语陈述或说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”、“是什么”或是“怎么样”,常位于主语之后,有人称、数、语态和时态的变化。依据其在句中的繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语(由一个动词或动词词组构成)和复合谓语(由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式或由连系动词+表语构成)两类。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的谓语,并说出其类型。

(5)Everything comes with a price;there is no such thing as free lunch in the world.

【Key】简单谓语:实意动词comes;复合谓语:连系动词is。

(6)If you are going to follow someone,focus on their talent,not their bad character or unacceptable behaviour.

【Key】复合谓语:are going to follow;简单谓语:实意动词focus on。

4. Helping others is a habit,one you can learn even at an early age.(2010,山东卷,32)

【精品译文】帮助别人是一种习惯,一个你在很小时就能学会的习惯。

Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden?They are for everyone’s enjoyment.(2010,北京卷,29)

【精品译文】请不要在花园里摘花好吗?它们是供所有人欣赏的。

【核心提炼】表语(predicative)。

【解读与归纳】表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态,常位于系动词(be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后,由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等来充当。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的表语,并说出其类型。

(7)My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.

【Key】形容词available。

(8)Swimming is my favorite sport.

【Key】名词 sport。

(9)Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth thing over between them.

【Key】非谓语动词prepared。

(10)On my desk is a photo that my father took of me when I was a baby.

【Key】介词短语On my desk。

(11)All that’s important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction.

【Key】从句that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction。

5. The Smiths don’t usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.(2012,江西卷,21)

【精品译文】史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。

We’ve offered her the job,but I don’t know whether she’ll accept it.(2011,山东卷,33)

【精品译文】我们把这份工作给了她,但我不知道她是否会接受它。

【核心提炼】宾语(object)。

【解读与归纳】宾语表示及物动词动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词和介词之后,一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和句子等来充当。宾语可分为单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语三种形式。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的宾语,并说出其类型。

(12)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but neither of them wants to,because they have work to do.

【Key】复合宾语Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him;单宾语work。

(13)If our parents do everything for us children,we won’t learn to depend on ourselves.

【Key】代词everything;不定式to depend on ourselves。

(14)I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and the other half learning drawing.

【Key】单宾语half of my holiday。

(15)I have seldom seen my mother so pleased with my progress as she is now.

【Key】复合宾语my mother so pleased。

有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的宾语,并说出其类型。

(16)It’s a good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai world expo that gives them pleasure.

【Key】单宾语the Shanghai world expo;间接宾语them;直接宾语pleasure。

【温馨提醒】形式宾语it

当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语it,而将真正的宾语移至句末,其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语(adj./n.)+(for sb.)+不定式(动名词或从句)”。该结构中的动词通常是 think,find,feel,believe,take,consider,make,suppose等。例如:

●The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other. 这两个女孩长得很相似,不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。(2011,山东卷,24)

但“动词(have,take,put,like等)+ it + that-从句”、“动词(enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,appreciate,prefer等)+ it + when(if)-从句”、“动词(see to,look to,insist on,stick to,depend on,answer for,rely on 等)+prep. + it + that-从句”和“动词(take it for granted,bring it to sb’s attention,owe it to sb 等)+ it + 介词短语+ that-从句”四类结构中的形式宾语it无实际意义,由于英文句法结构的需要,其后没有宾语补足语。例如:

●Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. 端午节相传起源于回忆屈原精神。(2014,江苏卷,33)

●I’d appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. 如果你能提前让我知道你是否要回来我会感激不尽。(2014,陕西卷,21)

6. After the earthquake,the first thing the local government did was to provide accommodation for the homeless families.(2010,湖北卷,22)

【精品译文】地震发生后,当地政府做的第一件事就是为无家可归的家庭提供住宿。

We give dogs time,space and love we can spare,and in return,dogs give us their all.(2010,江西卷,29)

【精品译文】我们给狗以我们闲暇的时间和多余的空间以及腾出来的爱,作为回报,狗也会把它们的一切给予我们。

Fortunately,I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.(2015,全国卷Ⅱ,阅读理解A篇)

【精品译文】庆幸我自己没有整夜播放电影的频道,那样的话,自己就不能睡觉了。

【核心提炼】定语(attribute)。

【解读与归纳】定语修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征,常由名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等来充当。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语或从句作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的定语,并说出其类型。

(17)There are over 58 000 rocky objects in space,about 900 of which could fall down onto the earth.

【Key】数词58 000;形容词rocky。

(18)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was a three-hour journey.

【Key】形容词long;名词amusement;形容词threehour。

(19)Even below the driving limit,driving will be affected.

【Key】动名词driving。

(20)In the spoken English of some areas in the US,the“r”sounds at the end of the words are dropped.

【Key】过去分词spoken。

(21)Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.

【Key】从句who are not active,whose diet is high in fat。

(22)The“Chinese Dream”is a dream to improve people’s wellbeing and a dream of harmony,peace and development.

【Key】不定式to improve people’s wellbeing。

7. If we sit near the front of the bus,we’ll have a better view.(2010,山东卷,22)

【精品译文】如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部,就会有更好的视野。

He... then sat there,lost and lonely in a strange city...(2014,全国卷Ⅱ,阅读理解A篇)

【精品译文】他……然后就坐在那里,在这个陌生的城市里感到失落和孤独。

【核心提炼】状语(adverbial)。

【解读与归纳】状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句等来充当,说明时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等概念。不同的状语出现在句子中的位置也不同。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的状语,并说出其类型。

(23)Lighthearted and optimistic,she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile.

【Key】形容词Lighthearted and optimistic;介词短语through her smile。

(24)To stay awake,he finished a cup of coffee and ordered another.

【Key】非谓语动词To stay awake。

(25)When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one,total intake(摄入)jumps by 14 percent.

【Key】从句When we choose a large spoon;介词短语over a smaller one,by 14 percent。

(26)Father sometimes goes to the gym with us although he dislikes going there.

【Key】副词sometimes;从句although he dislikes going there。

8. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made.(2010,全国卷Ⅰ,32)

【精品译文】澳洲金矿的发现使成千上万人相信将会发财。

She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years.(2014,山东卷,阅读理解C篇)

【精品译文】她生来就是一名奴隶,并且以这个身份生活了近30年。

【核心提炼】补足语(complement)。

【解读与归纳】补足语补充说明宾语或主语的行为、状态、身份、特征等,一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等来充当。分为宾语补足语和主语补足语两种。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的补足语,并说出其类型。

(27)The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don’t give you any direct solution.

【Key】不加to的动词不定式talk through。

(28)Listen!Do you hear someone calling for help?

【Key】现在分词calling。

(29)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year,making it the driest year since California became a state in 1850.

【Key】名词the driest year。

【温馨提醒】宾语和宾补之间具有逻辑的主谓关系,两者构成复合宾语。含有宾补的主动句变为被动句时,宾语补足语就变为主语补足语。例如:

●Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. 乘客们只被允许带一件手提行李上飞机。(2011,天津卷,7)

●The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.那个丢失的男孩最后一次被人看到时正在河边玩。(NMET1994,25)

9. I have no idea when Chaplin_’s film will be on again.(人教必修3,U3)

【精品译文】我不知道卓别林的电影什么时候再上映。

【核心提炼】同位语。

【解读与归纳】同位语对句子中的某一成分作进一步的解释、说明或限定,与被其说明的先行词在语法上处于同等地位,一般由名词、代词、数词、从句等来充当。当同位关系紧密时,同位语前后不用逗点隔开;当同位语只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

【即时演练】找出下面句子中的同位语,并说出其类型。

(30)Dr. Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,a fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.

【Key】名词headmaster。

(31)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.

【Key】代词itself。

(32)The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu.

【Key】从句that people from all walks of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu。

赵 炜 河南省郑州市经开区谢庄学校;庞先庆 河南省镇平县雪枫中学)

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