Wenwu Zhao,Huihui Shen

aChina Society of Fisheries,Beijing 100122,PR China

bResearch Institute of Marine Policy&Law,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,PR China

Original research article

A statistical analysis of China's fsheries in the 12thfve-year period

Wenwu Zhaoa,*,Huihui Shenb

aChina Society of Fisheries,Beijing 100122,PR China

bResearch Institute of Marine Policy&Law,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Available online 11 December 2016

Aquaculture

Capture

Aquatic product processing

Fishermen

Value of fsheries output

Transformation and structure adjustment

This paper reviews the status and development of China's fsheries in the 12thfve-year period using data from FAO,China Fishery Statistics Yearbooks,China Statistical Yearbooks and other sources.The main observations are as follows:in the 12thfve-year period,China's aquatic products accounted for more than 35%of global aquatic production;China's aquaculture products accounted for more than 60%of global aquaculture production;in freshwater aquaculture,pond aquaculture accounted for about 70%of the national freshwater aquaculture production,and fsh products were proportionally higher than others;in mariculture,bottom sowing and raft culturing products accounted for more than 50%of total marine aquaculture production and shellfsh production was proportionally higher than others.There has been only a slow rise in capture production of wild fsh over the same period.The freshwater catches from four provinces including Jiangsu accounted for half of the country's total freshwater catches,in which fsh catches accounted for more than 70%.Marine capture production from four provinces including Zhejiang accounted for about 80%of the country's marine catches,in which fsh catches accounted for more than 70%.There was an overall growth in production of processed aquatic products, particularly frozen aquatic products,surimi-based products and dry-cured products which together accounted for more than 80%processed seafood products.The average annual net income of fshermen per capita witnessed a growth of 11.71%,outpacing the GDP growth over the same period.With the rapid development of China's fsheries,there are also challenges such as overcapacity,low aquaculture product quality,resource overexploitation,as well as environmental problems.A change in approach,transformation and structure adjustment are suggested to reshape China's fsheries development model and to achieve the goal of sustainable development.

©2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shanghai Ocean University.This is an open access article under the CC BY license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Fisheries are also known as“capture and aquaculture industries”,which is an ancient business in China.According to historical records,fsheries can be dated back to as early as 11thcentury B.C.,and had already achieved a considerable scale in the Warring States Period(475 B.C.-221 B.C.).The world's oldest known work on fsh culture-Fan Li's Experience on Fish Farming―was written in 460 B.C.,over more than 2400 years ago.After the founding of new China,fsheries entered a new stage of development,especially after the adoption of the Reform and Opening-up Policy in 1978,when fsheries policies wereadjusted in accordance with the country's condition and changes in fshery resources,and aquaculture-oriented approach were favoured, which has led to increasing enthusiasm and creativity amongfshermen.The analysis of(Yue&Wang,2012)shows that China's aquatic production between 1949 and 2010 has grown exponentially.Since 1996,aquatic production increased by 10 million tons every 6―7 years(Cheng,Jiang,&Zhao,2016);analyzes the changing structure of Chinese fshermen's income from 2008 to 2013 using a grey correlation degree model,which reveals fshermen household income ranks frst relative to general family income.China's fsheries have been developed from a relatively unsophisticated,low productivity and individual practice to an industry with advanced equipment,optimized structure,better competitive edge and high productivity.

The fve-year plan,is an important fundamental work since the founding of the People's Republic of China.The 12thfve-year plan was the 12thplan for the development of national economic and social development of the People's Republic of China from 2011 to 2015.The 12thfve-year period has been important for China's modernization and wascomplex since the domesticandinternational economic and political situation was complicated and changeable with risks and challenges for economic development. Currently China's economy has entered a new normal state with the economy growing at a medium-high speed instead of superhigh.Thedevelopmentmodelhaschangedfrom extensive growth of scale and speed to intensive growth of quality and effciency,the improvement of industrial structures from mid-low to mid-high end growth powered by innovation with resource allocation decided by market demands with economic well-being shared across the population rather than being skewed towards one group(Zhang,2015).As part of China's economy and agriculture,fsheries are vulnerable to external environmental changes, which may have a high impact on the quality and effciency of fsheries development.Thus,the discussion and analysis of China's fsheries status and development in the 12thfve-year period is essential to understand its status and trends in world fsheries,and to give clear guidance for future development.

The present study discusses China's fsheries development and its status in the world by conducting statistical analysis with data from FAO and the China Fishery Statistics Yearbooks,and tries to give guidance for the future development of China's fsheries against the background of the existing modern economy.

1.Materials and methods

1.1.Data sources

In order to improve comparability of data fromdifferentsources, China's fsheries data and world fsheries data are taken from the FAO statistical database for comparison,while data about China's fsheries industry are taken from the China Fishery Statistics Yearbooks over the past few years(Fisheries Administration Bureau, 2016).

1.2.Data retrieval

1.2.1.FAO database

Data on China's fsheries and fsheries production of major countries and world regions are retrieved from the FAO database, categorized and analyzed by statistical standards according to Yearbook main groups by species of fsh,crustaceans and molluscs, etc.1.2.2.Yearbook data

Data of fsheries production,such as aquatic production and output of processed aquatic products etc.are retrieved from the China Fishery Statistics Yearbooks,including fshermen populations,practitioners,aquaculture areas,fshing vessels and so on.

1.3.Statistical contents of yearbook data

1.3.1.Production factors and production outputs

Data of fsheries production characteristics and production outputs from January 1 to December 31 annually are acquired by surveys conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture,with respondents from fsheries companies,organizations and units from allprovinces,autonomousregionsand municipalities (excluding Hong Kong SAR,Macao SAR and Taiwan),excluding researchinstitutes.Outputs of aquatic products are weighed at time of capture(raw weight),with the exception of three alum jellyfsh and algae that are measured by dry weight,while the output of algae is included in aquatic products.

1.3.2.Statistical principle offshermen's income andfsheries output value

(1)Fishermen's income.Data of fshermen's income are fromthe Ministry of Agriculture(MOA)using a multi-stage sampling system.221 sample counties and 10,000 sample households are taken from 30 provinces,autonomous,regions and municipalities(excluding Tibet Autonomous Region,Hong Kong SAR,Macao SAR and Taiwan).The family income and expenditure from November 1 of the previous year to October 31 of the inquiry year are recorded,completed online,aggregated,and evaluated to get an overall provincial average.Taking the fshermen population in each province as the weight,and the weighted average as the per capita value of a specifc indicator.The formula is as follows:

Where,represents the per capita net income for fshermen in the province(autonomous region or municipality),Wtis the weighting factor of fshermenpopulation's inprovince t,yis the calculated net income per capita of national fshermen's families.

The overall provincial average net income per capita is average net income divided by population.Calculation of net income is as follows:

Net income=total income-household operational expensesdepreciation of fxed assets for production-taxes and fees.

According to sources of income,total income includes four items,namely household operational income,wage income,net property income and transfer income.

Household operational income refers to income of a family unit for operational production and management;wage income refers to the total remuneration and welfare in a fshermen's family obtained by various ways;net property income refers to the revenue of fshermen household or family members obtained from the investment of fnancial assets and natural resources in other organizations,households or individuals after deducting associated cost;transfer income refers to all kinds of transfer payments from the States,institutions,social organizations and recurring income transfers between households.Household operational expenses refers to the consumption of goods and services in family production activities;taxes and fees refers to levy collected in cash and in kind for the production activities in a fshermen's family.

(2)Value of fsheries output.Data of fsheries output value is calculated by the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics using the fshery production statistics from MOA and the method of Products Act according to Harvest Principle.It is calculated as follows:

Where:Ctis the production of the varietyt,Ptas the sale price for the varietyt,andZthe national fsheries output value.

1.4.Data analysis

Because of time limits,data analysis of China's fsheries development in the 12thfve-year period is conducted with the indicator of average growth rates in order to understand the fsheries production factors and production outcomes.The average growth rate formula is as follows:

In order to facilitate the analysis of China's aquatic production in proportion to the world's total output,a conventional exponential statistical model is applied.The formula is as follows:

Whereyrepresents the proportion of China's aquatic products relative to the world's total production;aandbare parameters to be estimated,andxdenotes the year.

Degree of intensifcation is an important indicator for the development of aquaculture,in which the proportion of intensive aquaculture production in proportion to the aquaculture production is an important indicator(Dong,2015).Degree of intensifcation is calculated as follows:

WhereItrepresents the degree of intensifcation of aquaculture in yeart,γtrefers to the production of cage aquaculture,fencing aquaculture and industrial aquaculture in yeart.λtrefers to the total aquaculture production in yeart.

2.Comparative analysis of aquatic production between China and major fshing countries

2.1.Status of China's aquatic production in the world

The aquatic production(excluding the production of aquatic plants)in China and other major countries and regions between 1980 and 2014 were obtained from the FAO database.China's aquatic production in proportion to the world's total output is shown in Fig.1.The aquatic production in world's major countries and regions is shown in Table 1.

In the 1980's,China's aquatic production only accounted for 6.19%of the world's total output.After 10 years'development (1990),this proportion increased to 13.44%and was followed by a rapid growth in the following years.By 1995,it was over 20.00%―24.35%.In 2003 the China's aquatic production was more than 30% of world production for the frst time and was still in a state of slow growth.By the end of 2010,the last year of 11thfve-year period, this proportion reached 35.21%,and the year 2014 witnessed the highest point of 37.42%.

Fig.1.China aquatic production in proportion to the world's total output.

2.2.Aquatic production in majorfshery countries

The author retrieved the data of aquatic production in the world's major fshery countries or regions from the FAO database, and used the data of the top 10 producing countries or regions, including China,India,Indonesia,Vietnam,the United States,Japan, Peru,Russia,Myanmar and Norway for analysis.The aquatic production in the top 10 countries or regions in proportion to the world's total output has increased from 40.51%in 1980 to 69.16%in 2014,an increase of 28.65%.A general understanding of the development trends of global fsheries can be obtained by analyzing the fshery statistics from these 10 countries.

In the 1980s,Japanwas the country with world's highest aquatic production,which,however,declined gradually due to changes in development policies.In 1989,China surpassed Japan as the country with world's highest aquatic production output.Since the 1990s,there has been a clear differentiation in the development of aquatic production between China and Japan.While the aquatic production in China increased rapidly,Japan's aquatic production was in a sharp decline and in 2014 dropped to 4.318 million t and was 41.31%of the production in 1980.Over the same time China's aquatic products increased from 4.455 million t to 62.756 million t, an increase of 58.120 million t and 1304.50%by percentage.The increase was mainly due to the rapid development of aquaculture, which increased from1.679million t to45.470 million t,an increase of 43.791 million t,accounting for 75.35%of the increased Chinese aquatic production.According to FAO statistics,in 2014 the aquaculture products of the world's top 10 countries accounted for about 88.89%of global aquaculture production and China alone contributed 61.63%,as shown in Table 2.Due to the rapid development of China's aquaculture industry,the famous American scholar Brown spoke highly of the contribution of aquaculture to food safety:one of the two contributions China offers tothe worldfamily planning and aquaculture(Tang,Ding,&Liu,2014).

3.Structure of China's fsheries production in the 12thfveyear period

3.1.Continuing increase in aquaculture production

In the 12thfve-year period aquaculture production in China increased substantially and exceeded 40.000 million t,and was 49.379 million t in 2015,an increase of 11.091 million t compared to the end of the 11thfve-year period and was 83.60%of the total aquatic production.During the 12thfve-year period aquaculture production increased by 28.97%with an average annual growth of 5.22%,and accounted for 73.70%of total output,which is an increase since 2010 of 2.40%.

3.1.1.Structure analysis of freshwater aquaculture production

(1)The largest proportion of freshwater production,70%,was from pond aquaculture.At the end of the 12thfve-year period freshwater aquaculture production in China was 30.623 million t,an increase of 7.157 million t compared to 2010,the end of the 11thfve-year period,and accountedfor 64.54%of the increase in aquaculture production.Reservoir aquaculture production accounted for more than 12%and lake aquaculture accounted for 6%(Table 3).

(2)Fish production accounted for the biggest percentage of freshwater aquaculture and can be categorized into 5 types, fsh,crustaceans,shellfsh,algae and others(Table 4).In 2010 fsh aquaculture hadan annual production of 20.642 million t (87.97%of total freshwater production)and increased to 27.150 million t in 2015.Crustaceans were the second mostproduced freshwater aquaculture organism and increased from 2.138 million t in 2010 to 2.691 million t in 2015, although the proportional contribution dropped from 9.11% to 8.79%(Table 4).

Table 1 Aquatic production in world's major fshery countries and regions.Unit:104t.

Table 2 Aquaculture production in the world's major fshery countries or regions in 2014.Unit:104t.

Table 3 Production of freshwater aquaculture by water types and methods.Unit:104t.

3.1.2.Structure analysis of marine aquaculture production

(1)High yielding from bottom sowing and raft culture(Table 5). At the end of the 12thfve-year period,marine aquaculture production in Chinawas 18.756 million t,an increase of 3.933 million t or 35.46%compared to 2010,the end of 11thfveyear period.Bottom sowing produced the largest yield,accounting for about 28.13%of marine aquaculture production, followed by raft culture with 27.68%.Pond culture ranked third and production accounted for 12.55%.

(2)The largest marine aquaculture production was from shellfshes(Table 6).The annual production in 2010 was 11.082 million t,which corresponded to 74.76%of the total mariculture output,and it increased to 13.584 million t in 2015.Algae production was ranked second in total mariculture output and increased from 1.541 million t(10.40%)in 2010 to 2.089 million t(11.14%)in 2015.

Table 4 Production of freshwater aquaculture by types.Unit:104t.

3.2.Slow increase in capture production

In the 12thfve-year period,capture production in China grew slowly.In 2015,the annual catch reached 15.426 million t,an increase of 1.100 million t compared with that in the end of 11th fveyear period,accounting for 8.29%of the total increase of aquatic production.The average annual increase was 22.000 million t,with the average annual growth rate of 1.49%.

3.2.1.Structure analysis of freshwater capture production

From 2010 to 2015,there has been little change in China's freshwater capture fsheries.The annual catch peaked in 2013 with 2.307 million t,and 2011 the lowest of 2.232 million t,a deviation of 75,200 t,as shown in Fig.2.

(1)Signifcant differences by production in provinces.According to the analysis of freshwater capture data in different provinces in the 12thfve-year period,catches in 4 provinces including Jiangsu,Anhui,Jiangxi and Hubei were comparatively higher than others,accounting for more than half of the total freshwater catches,followed by catches from Shandong,Hunan,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hebei,Zhejiang, Fujian,Heilongjiang.The catches in the above 12 provinces accounted for about 80%of the total freshwater capture production(taking catches in 2015 for example,as shown in Table 7).Categorized by waters,the middle and lower Yangtze River,the lower Yellow River,Huaihe River,Pearl River,Heilongjiang River were the main areas for freshwater capture.

(2)Stable Structure of species variety.As can be seen from the analysis of freshwater catch data between 2010 and 2015,there was little change in the structure of organism variety. Fish accounted for 70%―74%,crustaceans 14%―15%,shellfsh 11%―14%,and others about 2%of catch(Table 8).

Table 6 Mariculture Production by species.Unit:104t.

Fig.2.Trend in freshwater capture production.

Table 7 Freshwater catches in major fshing provinces in China in 2015.Unit:104t.

Table 5 Mariculture production by culturing types.Unit:104t.

3.2.2.Structural analysis of marine capturefsheries production

From 2010 to 2015,there was not much change in China's marine capture fsheries,which generally had a linear growth.The annual production in 2015 reached peaked at 13.148 million t compared to 12.036 million t in 2010.The average annual growth was 0.222 million t,and the average annual growth rate was 1.78% (Fig.3).

(1)Signifcant differences in catches by province.According to the statistical analysis of marine capture data by province in the 12thfve-year period,marine capture in 4 provinces includingZhejiang,Shandong,Fujian,Guangdongand Hainan accounted for up to about 10%respectively.The catch in Zhejiang Province was the highest,accounting for 25.61% of the total catch and collectively the 4 provinces accounted for about 80%of the total catch(taking catches in 2015 for example,as shown in Fig.4).

(2)Stable structure of marine biology variety.Analysis of marine capture data from 2010 to 2015,revealed the relative contribution of the main variety captured in China changed little.Fish accounted for 68%―69%,crustaceans 16%―18%, while others accounted for about 13%(Table 9).

3.3.Increase in processed aquatic products

The 12thfve-year period witnessed a linear growth trend in the amount of processed aquatic products.In 2010,the processed aquatic production was 16.333 million t,and increased to 20.923 million t in 2015,an increase of 4.590 million t,with an average annual growth rate of 5.08%.

3.3.1.Seafood processing as the mainstream

During the 12th fve-year period,there were increases in both freshwater and seawater processed products.Freshwater products increased by 0.916 million t,with an average annual growth rate of 5.78%,and marine products increased by 3.674 million t,with an average annual growth rate of 4.93%.Marine products accounted for more than 80%of the main processed products(Table 10).

3.3.2.Frozen aquatic products as the main type in processing

The main processed aquatic products include frozen aquatic products,surimi products and dry-cured products,processed algae, canned products,fsh meal,fsh oil products and other aquatic products(Table 11).Frozen aquatic products accounted for 60%of the total processed aquatic products,followed by surimi and dry cured products(15%).

Table 8 Freshwater catches by organisms.Unit:104t.

Fig.3.Growth trend of marine Catches.

Fig.4.Structure of marine catches in 2015 by province.

4.Discussion and conclusion

4.1.Expanding scale offsheries economics,steady growth in the supply of aquatic products

In the 12thfve-year period,China's fsheries have made remarkable achievements.The total output of aquatic products accounted for 38%of the global production,aquaculture production accounted for about 62%of global aquaculture production.From 2010 to 2015,there was continued growth in aquatic production in China,which broadened the available food protein supply and also contributed to food security in China.At the end of 11thfve-year period,China's output of aquatic products was 53.730 million t, and had increased to 66.997 million t at the end of 12thfve-year period,an increase of 13.267 million t,with an average annual increase of 2.653 million t and an average annual growth rate of 4.51%.

According to the data from China's National Bureau of Statistics, at current prices,the value of fsheries productionwas 1.092 trillionYuanand by the end of 12thfve-year period had an added value of 658.7 billionYuan(Table 12).Fisheries production value in proportion to the total value of forestry,animal husbandry and fsheries rosefrom9.26%in 2010 to 10.21%in 2015,and the added value in the fshing industry increased from 9.6%in 2010 to 10.5%in 2015.

As can be seen from Table 9,with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization,offshore fshery resources have been greatly overexploited,and there has been negative growth inmarine catches.While traditional fshing grounds are shrinking, fshing capacity remains at high level,far exceeding the renewable capacity of fshery resources.The status of fshery resources in major waters,such as offshore,inland rivers,lakes and reservoirs, has not been improving and the environment is under high pressure.

Table 9 Marine catches by organisms and vessel features.Unit:104t.

Table 10 Production of processed freshwater and marine products.Unit:104t.

Table 11 Production of aquatic processing products.Unit:104t.

Table 12 Fisheries production value and added value.Unit:108Yuan.

Aquaculture is one of the earliest industries in China but has been suffered from severe competition,because of low market entry barriers―usually operated in a family-based workshop–and high dependence on the distribution channels.Traditional aquaculture enterprises are unable to meet the consumer demand for aquatic products and they have benefted from industrial expansion and demand-pull and this has resulted in rapid development. Pond aquaculture is the main form of aquaculture in China.Most of the ponds are old and built with poor construction standards,and do not meet the requirements of culturing sanitation.The rapid development of the aquaculture sector has intensifed the conficts between industry and resources,and between industry and the environment,and currently there is an urgent need to improve product quality and production effciency.The production factordriven approach of aquaculture has now reached its production capacity and is unable to sustain further development.

4.2.Higher degree of aquaculture intensifcation,increasingly prominent ecological and environmental problems

The degree of intensifcation refects the development level of fsheries aquaculture in any country or region.Time series analysis of key characteristics of the sector helps to further understand and learn the way to regulate and control the development of aquaculture in a country or a region.According to the author's calculation and estimation,the degree ofintensifcation China's mariculture industry during the 12thfve-year period was generally in an upward trend,rising from 3.34%in 2010 to 4.07%in 2015,anincrease of 0.73%.In other words,the mariculture industry in China in recent years is characterized by intensifcation and modernization and problems of discoordination,misbalance and unsustainability between traditional development approaches and the environment have become increasingly prominent.In general the exploration and exploitation of resources exceeds the capacity of the ecological systems and the environment.The protection of water-related resources has givenway to economic development in a specifc time and area because of the versatility of water.The extensive use of water in hydropower,shipping and aquaculture leads to irreparable adverse effects on the environment and its ecology.Therefore,it is urgent to change the current model of aquaculture development,as well as to develop a clear understanding of the relationship between management,production and protection of ecological resources.

Table 13 Chinese people's possession and consumption of major animal proteins per capita.Unit:kg/person.

Table 14 Fishermen's net income per capita.Unit:Yuan.

4.3.Increase in aquatic products per capita and consumption

The rapid development of China's fsheries industry has been driven by the increasing demand for aquatic products.The Chinese per capita consumption of aquatic products increased from 40.06 kg in 2010 to 48.80 kg in 2015 and this rise has effectively improved the diet structure and widened the sources of animal protein.The survey by China's National Bureau of Statistics in 2013 of household incomes and expenditure in urban and rural areas revealed that the consumption of aquatic products ranked third in the consumption of animal protein in China,after pork meat and dairy,reaching 11.2 kg(Table 13).The increase in Chinese per capita consumption of aquatic products is closely related to the rising income of residents(Li&Tan,2012).

4.4.A signifcant increase infshermen's net income per capita

In the 12thfve-year period,fshermen's net income per capita in 2015 was 15,595Yuan,an increase of 6632Yuancompared with 8963Yuanin 2010,with an average annual increase of 1326.4Yuanand an average annual growth rate of 11.71%,far higher than the GDP growth overthe same period(Table 14).The increase in the net income of fshermen sets the basis for the development goal of a moderately prosperous society.

According to the composition of fshermen's household income, family operating income was the main source of household income, accounting for about 90%,followed by wage income of about 5%, transfer income 4%and the lowest proportion was the net property income of 1%,as shown in Fig.5.

4.5.Optimized structure offsheries economics,expanding proportion of production in secondary and tertiary industries

Analysis of the data in the China Fishery Statistics Yearbooks (2011―2016),reveals that the structure of China's fsheries has been gradually optimized,with an expanding proportion of production in secondary and tertiary industries,which has been increased from 47.78%in 2010 to 48.55%in 2015.The prosperity in secondary and tertiary industries has been promoted by the development of modern fsheries and has led to the development of the aquatic processing industry and also the recreational fshing industry.In some areas the development of aquaculture industries has promoted the integration of primary,secondary and tertiary industries due to the cluster effect,which affects the development of the whole industry and consumer choices.Technology innovation is at the core of industry clusters and forges the integration of primary,secondary and tertiary industries.Local governments play a key role in supporting the development of local aquacultureindustry through planning,establishment of a unifed processing place of origin,setting up relevant associations to facilitate sector management and to exchange successful experiences.The combination of“the visible hand of the government”and“the invisible hand of the market”may lead to the upgrading of the fsheries industry.

Fig.5.Composition of fshermen's household income.

In summary,China's fsheries economics and the dimension of the industry are not what they used to be.Traditional development models that rely on production factor investment and access to appropriate production environments are bottlenecks contributing to unsustainability of fsheries development.Transformation and upgrading are the inevitable approaches to achieve sustainable development of fsheries.In order to effectively reverse the situation and explore a new fsheries development model,changing approaches,structure adjustment and promotion of transformation are the way to achieve sustainable and healthy development of fsheries in China.

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*Corresponding author.China Society of Fisheries,Nongfeng Tower,No.96, South Dongsanhuan Road,Chaoyang District,Beijing 100122,PR China.

E-mail address:awenzhao@agri.gov.cn(W.Zhao).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2016.11.001

2468-550X/©2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shanghai Ocean University.This is an open access article under the CC BY license(http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).