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从高考真题,看英语句子成分核心点

2016-12-23庞先庆

试题与研究·高考英语 2016年3期
关键词:典例画线例句

庞先庆

英语句子是英语语言运用的基本单位,它由词、短语构成。根据词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用,英语句子可划分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等不同成分。高考英语重点考查考生的语言综合能力与基础知识的运用。对英语句子成分的把握是英语语言技能提升的关键。下面结合高考真题,分别对其核心知识点进行归纳。

一、主语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.(2016年全国I卷,A篇)

2. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.(2016年全国I卷,B篇)

3. You are the team star! Working with others is your cup of tea.

【核心点解读】

上述例句中画线部分均用作主语。主语是句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词,短语和句子等来承担,通常位于句首。

【温馨提醒】

●当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时,为了避免头重脚轻,通常在句首使用形式主语it,而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。

二、谓语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the US? (2016年全国I卷,A篇)

2. Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up the weakening of the human body.

3. This restaurant has become popular for its wide range of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.

【核心点解读】上述例句中画线部分均用作谓语。谓语陈述或说明主语的动作或状态,位于主语之后,有人称、数、语态和时态的变化。

【温馨提醒】

●依繁简程度,谓语分为简单谓语(由一个动词或动词词组构成)和复合谓语(由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式或由连系动词+表语构成)两类。

三、表语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.

2. Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are for everyones enjoyment.

【核心点解读】上述例句中画线部分均用作表语。表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态,常位于系动词之后,由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等来充当。

【温馨提醒】

●常见的系动词有be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等。

四、宾语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry.(2016年全国I卷,D篇)

2. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger.(2016年全国I卷,A篇)

3. The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.

4. Weve offered her the job, but I dont know whether shell accept it.

【核心点解读】上述例句中画线部分均用作宾语。宾语表示动作涉及的对象,位于及物动词之后,一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和句子等来充当。

【温馨提醒】

●宾语可分为单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语三种形式。

●不定式、动名词、从句等作宾语且后跟宾语补足语时,常会用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语后置,采用 “动词+it+宾语补足语(adj./n.) (+for sb)+不定式(动名词或从句)” 结构。

五、定语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.(2016年全国I卷,A篇)

2. Fortunately, I didnt get any channels showing all?night movies or I would never have gotten to bed. (2015年全国卷Ⅱ,A篇)

3. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide accommodation for the homeless families.

4. We give dogs time, space and love we can spare, and in return, dogs give us their all.

【核心点解读】上述例句中画线部分均用作定语。定语修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征,常由名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等来充当。

【温馨提醒】

●单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语或从句作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

六、状语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. If we sit near the front of the bus, well have a better view.

2. He then sat there,lost and lonely in the strange city... (2014年全国II卷,A篇)

【核心点解读】上述例句中画线部分均用作状语。状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句等来充当,说明时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等概念。

【温馨提醒】

●不同的状语出现在句子中的位置也不同。

七、补足语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.(2016年全国I卷,D篇)

2. She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years. (2014年山东卷,C篇)

3. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made.

【核心点解读】

上述例句中画线部分均用作补足语。补足语补充说明宾语或主语的行为、状态、身份、特征等,一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等来充当。分为宾语补足语和主语补足语两种。

【温馨提醒】

●宾语和宾补之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系,两者构成复合宾语。含有宾补的主动句变为被动句时,宾语补足语就变为主语补足语。

八、同位语核心点

【典例】注意以下例句中画线部分的句法作用。

1. I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier.(2016年全国I卷,C篇)

2. Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, a fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.

3. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu.

【核心点解读】

上述例句中画线部分均用作同位语。同位语对句子中的某一成分作进一步的解释、说明或限定,与被其说明的先行词在语法上处于同等地位,一般由名词、代词、数词、从句等来充当。

【温馨提醒】

●当同位关系紧密时,其前后不用逗号隔开;当同位语只作补充解释时可用逗号隔开。

九、小试牛刀

在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

1. Its important for the figures_____________(update)regularly.

2. Marco Polo is said_____________(sail)on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the 13th century.

3. The doctor thought_____________would be good for you to have a holiday.

4. She tried_____________(live)alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.

5. It was_____________aloud noise as to wake everybody in the house.

6. The goal,_____________(make)two thousand cars this month, excites the workers.

7. The next thing he saw was smoke

(rise)from behind the house.

8. English is now an international language,_____________(speak)by about 750 million people.

9. Those_____________suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine.

10. My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was_____________(avail)from that shop.

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