郭玉章

一、考纲解读

《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明（高考综合改革试验省份试用）（第一版）》（以下简称《考试说明》）中明确提出，考试招生制度改革将在内容和形式上进一步进行深化推进。作为高考综合改革试点省市，浙江和上海将启动外语科目一年两次考试，读后续写或概要写作将于2016年10月首次用于高考试卷之中，之后将随着高考综合改革试点的推广在全国范围内使用。

根据《考试说明》，今年10月份的高考英语学科试卷知识应用部分将取消短文改错试题，增加读后续写或概要写作，“两种形式在不同考次不定期交替使用”，分值25分，占试卷总分的六分之一，对英语成绩的提高具有决定作用。

高考的任何变革都将极其深刻地影响甚至改变万千学子的命运，但是作为第一次被使用于高考的新题型——读后续写或概要写作，对于广大学生乃至教师，却披着神秘的面纱，犹如微笑着的蒙娜丽莎，神秘而充满诱惑。

今天，就让我们条分缕析，揭开读后续写和概要写作的神秘面纱。

二、题型解读

读后续写或概要写作究竟是什么样子呢？让我们首先看看《考试说明》的样题，根据样题示例，寻找试题真容，发现试题规律，总结应对策略，快速、高效地提高自己的英语综合能力，决胜于高考战场。

（一）读后续写样例及规律总结

第二节：读后续写（满分25分）

阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。

A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day. As he walked along Park Avenue near the First National Bank， he heard the sound of someone trying to start a car. He tried again and again but couldnt get the car moving. Arthur turned and looked inside at the face of a young man who looked worried. Arthur stopped and asked，“It looks like youve got a problem，” Arthur said.

“Im afraid so. Im in a big hurry and I cant start my car.”

“Is there something I can do to help？” Arthur asked. The young man looked at the two suitcases in the back seat and then said， “Thanks. If youre sure it wouldnt be too much trouble， you could help me get these suitcases into a taxi.”

“No trouble at all. Id be glad to help.”

The young man got out and took one of the suitcases from the back seat. After placing it on the ground， he turned to get the other one. Just as Arthur picked up the first suitcase and started walking， he heard the long loud noise of an alarm.

It was from the bank. There had been a robbery （抢劫）！

Park Avenue had been quiet a moment before. Now the air was filled with the sound of the alarm and the shouts of people running from all directions. Cars stopped and the passengers joined the crowd in front of the bank. People asked each other， “What happened？” But everyone had a different answer.

Arthur， still carrying the suitcase， turned to look at the bank and walked right into the young woman in front of him.

She looked at the suitcase and then at him. Arthur was surprised. “Why is she looking at me like that？” He thought. “The suitcase！ She thinks Im the bank thief！”

Arthur looked around at the crowd of people. He became frightened， and without another thought， he started to run.

注意：

1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右；

2. 应使用5个以上短文中标有下画线的关键词语；

3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；

4. 续写完成后，请用下画线标出你所使用的关键词语。

Paragraph 1：

As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind， “Stop， stop！”

________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2：

The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur...

________________________________________________________________________

由以上样题可以看出，读后续写试题将阅读与写作紧密结合，通过阅读一篇字数约350词的没有结尾的文章，根据读后的理解，为文章续写一个合理的结尾。试题以考查学生的综合语言运用能力和想象能力为目的，主要特点如下：

1. 读后续写所选文章的文体与特点。读后续写属于写作部分的第二节部分，是有提示的写作试题类型。根据王初明教授在《读后续写题型研究》中的结论，读后续写一般选用字数约为350词的记叙文，故事无结尾，要求考生读后补全故事，续写长度为150词左右。

2.读后续写属于半限定的写作试题。读后续写的内容没有确切的限制，考生可以根据自己对文章的理解，对故事的发展写出合理的续写，只要内容和情节合乎情理和逻辑，就是有效续写，具有自由想象的空间，有利于充分发挥学生的写作能力；但在形式上，试题设置了两个方面的限制：一是词语方面，短文中标有下画线的关键词语有10个，要求续写部分中至少使用5个以上的关键词语。这就从词汇上对内容和形式作了一定的限制；另一方面，续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已经写好，这也在语句上对内容和形式进行了一定的限制。

根据王初明教授在《读后续写题型研究》中的研究发现，读后续写可以提供段首语，也可以不提供段首语。但在《考试说明》的样题示例中，从段落数量到段首语都给出了限定，这就使得文章的续写内容相对更加确切，试题的评分更加客观准确。

3.读后续写考查学生的英语综合语言应用能力和思维能力。具体而言，读后续写要求考生在给定时间内读懂文章，并能把握文章的关键信息和语言特点。在续写部分做到想象合理，上下衔接，内容通顺，逻辑合理。其次，读后续写考查考生语言应用的丰富性和准确性，这就要求考生在读懂前文的基础上，在续写部分不仅仅能做到语句通顺，内容准确恰当，而且要能根据内容使用较多的高级词汇和复杂句式。最后，读后续写考查考生的篇章结构把控能力，考生所写的续写部分要和前文逻辑一致，上下连贯，语言通顺，结构完整，这就要求考生要有比较好的想象能力和篇章把控能力。整体而言，考生要想在有限的考试时间内写出一篇比较好的读后续写，除了要有较高的英语语言综合能力，还要有良好的创造性想象思维能力。

（二）概要写作样例及规律总结

第二节：概要写作（满分25分）

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt， in the opinion of most people， is a good thing. However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century， people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease， as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538， the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV， King of France， was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath， the king ordered that， to avoid the attack of disease， the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit （好处） of dirt was long-lived， dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking， cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet， it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea： clothes need to be whiter than white， cloths ever softer， surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt， however， gone too far？

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt， which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary， Mary Ruebush， an American immunologist （免疫学家）， encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter （后者） position is gaining some ground.

由以上样题可以看出，概要写作试题也是将阅读与写作紧密结合，考查学生的综合语言运用能力和概括归纳能力，主要特点如下：

1.概要写作试题的文体和特点。概要写作试题和读后续写同属于书面表达的第二节，属于有提示的写作试题类型。试题一般选用一篇350词左右的文章，由考生对其内容进行概括归纳之后，将之缩写成一篇60词左右的短文。概要写作试题的文章选材没有文体限制，但从试题的设题角度考虑，会优先选择结构完整、脉络清晰的文章。基于此考虑，概要写作试题的文章选材会优先选择说明文、议论文和应用文。

2.概要写作试题属于完全限制的写作试题。概要写作的文章内容完整、结构清晰，不存在自由想象空间，考生必须按照所给文章的内容和结构进行概括归纳，自己添加或者人为舍弃要点都属于跑题或者概括不全，直接影响到试题得分。

3.概要写作试题主要考查考生的综合语言应用能力和概括归纳能力。概要写作试题的给定文章内容完整，只考查考生的综合概括能力。一方面考生在读懂原文的基础上，需要应用概括归纳能力将文章缩写成60词的概要文章；其次，在概要写作中，考生不得抄袭原文原句。因此，考生一方面需要有很好的概括归纳能力，能用简练的语言将原文中复杂的内容准确表达出来；另一方面，考生还需要具有很好的语言转换能力，将原文中的主旨大意用异于原文的语言表达出来，这就要求考生掌握丰富的语言知识和句式结构，能够做到一句多译。

4.读后续写和概要写作试题两相比较，两者都要求考生在阅读理解原文的基础上进行写作，这就要求考生对原文不但在内容上有充分的理解，还要对文体和写作特色有很好的把握，写作建立在阅读的基础之上，阅读为写作提供基础，该型试题真正体现了学以致用，必将有力促进学生英语学习水平和方法的提高，也能有效提高考生的创新想象能力或者概括归纳能力，有效改变当前英语的教学现状。

从试题考查能力的角度考虑，读后续写试题所给文章内容不完整，需要考生续写完整结尾，考查了考生的创新想象能力。但概要写作试题所给的文章是内容完整、结构清晰的文章，考生需要将文章高度概括，总结出文章主旨大意，并用与原文不一致的表达方式表现出来，这主要考查了考生的概括归纳能力；从语言表达能力的角度对比，读后续写试题要求考生必须使用5个以上的文中画线词语，考生可以借鉴前文中的词汇、短语和句式。而概要写作试题要求考生在概括原文内容后用异于原文的表达形式表现出来，不准抄袭原文句子，试题更侧重考查考生掌握的词汇和句式的多少与多角度的表达能力。

三、解题思路

（一）读后续写

1. 读懂前文，把握特色

读后续写试题是续写给定文章的结尾，评分会从以下4个方面进行综合考量：（1）与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度；（2）内容的丰富性和对所标出关键词语的应用情况；（3）应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；（4）上下文的连贯性。在4项评分内容中，内容和形式（词语、句式等）的上下连贯衔接占两项，给定内容的使用占一项，语言的综合能力占一项。因此，读后续写的后文部分与给定前文应该是和谐完整、浑然一体的一篇文章，从内容到形式要力争尽可能地保持一致，而且还要使用所给定的画线词语，这就要求考生仔细阅读给定的前文，在充分理解文章内容的基础上，还要认真体会前文的文体、主旨句、词语和句式特点。只有在充分理解和把握前文的内容和特色之后，才能续写出和前文高度一致的文章。

在《考试说明》所给的样题中，给定的文章部分讲述了Arthur在帮助一个年轻人时听到有人抢劫了银行，于是Arthur怀疑这个年轻人就是抢劫银行的嫌疑犯。文章第一句话“A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day.”就是具有主题句性质的句子，说明下文所读到的文章是Arthur在上班路上发生的一件“有趣的”事。funny一词奠定了全文的感情基调，我们后面续写的故事结尾就要围绕“趣味性”续写，从而使文章具有幽默特色。

读懂了文章的主要内容后，我们可以发现，故事的发展因年轻人的身份不明而产生两个不同的续写思路：一是这个年轻人就是抢劫银行的罪犯，Arthur帮助警察抓住了这个坏人；另一个思路是Arthur误会了这个年轻人，他其实并不是抢劫银行的罪犯。基于以上思路，我们可以续写两个不同的结尾。但是，这两个结尾还是存在优劣之分的。

读后续写试题最后还有续写要求，尤其是续写两段给出了段首指导语，这也是文章续写的重要提示，也是考生应该仔细阅读体会的地方。第一段中年轻人呼喊Arthur停下来，第二段中Arthur坐出租车到了警察局，这两句话基本设定了故事发展的主线；文章主题句中的funny也表明了文章的基调：这个故事是一个幽默故事，如果以这个年轻人是抢劫犯最后被抓续写下去，故事的幽默性就远逊于第二个思路的续写了。

至此，我们要续写的文章部分从内容到文章基调就已经完全确定下来了。

2.挑词选句，连篇成文

读后续写试题要求续写部分使用至少5个所给的画线词语，续写的段落数量也设定为两段，而且每段的开头语已经写好，这就要求在确定文章内容后，注意选择不同的句式，按照适当的顺序，将要求的词汇编排入自己的续写内容中。

所给样题的文中共选定了以下10个词或短语：Park Avenue，the young man， suitcases， in the back seat， loud noise of an alarm， robbery， bank， the shouts， people， the bank thief。这10个词或短语又可以根据类别划分为地点（3个）： Park Avenue，in the back seat， bank； 人物（3个）：the young man， people， the bank thief；事物（4个）： suitcases， loud noise of an alarm， robbery， the shouts。

联系我们前面想定的思路：Arthur帮助警察抓住了那个年轻人，但发现他其实不是抢劫银行的罪犯，是个误会。续写内容共分为2个段落，根据第一段指导语（As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind， “Stop， stop！”）和第二段指导语（The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur... ）我们可以大胆想象出：尽管那个年轻人在身后大喊“停下来！”，但Arthur还是成功地带着箱子坐上出租车，来到警察局。正当Arthur和警察以为发现了抢劫银行案件的线索时，年轻人进来了，证明是个误会，箱子里装的不是抢的钱而是那个年轻人的个人物品！在这个内容中，我们就可以保证能用到bank， the young man， the bank thief， suitcases， robbery等词汇。按照段落提示语，我们选用不同句式，将这些词汇连接成段，就可以组织成下文：

As he was running， Arthur heard the young man shouting behind， “Stop， stop！” Considering the young man might be the bank thief， Arthur didnt stopped， instead， he ran faster and stopped a taxi. Once he got into the taxi， he told the driver the young man shouting behind was the bank thief and asked him to drive to the nearest police station. The driver followed what Arthur said and drove away quickly. （61 words）

The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur thanked the driver and directly went in. Just as Arthur was reporting the robbery case of the bank happened on the Park Avenue and describing the young man to the police， he heard a voice outside， “Help！ Help！” To Arthurs surprise， it was the young man. He had followed Arthur in another taxi. It turned out that the young man was not involved in the case and inside the suitcases were just his personal possessions. Arthur felt embarrassed but quite relieved. （85 words）

3.前后呼应，注重细节

读后续写考查考生的写作和思维能力，试题新颖而且具有较大的难度，但考生如果注意以下技巧，就能在短时间内写出文字通顺、上下衔接的好文章。

（1）注意分析文章的主题句

文章的主题句除了会告诉我们下文的主要人物、时间、地点、事由等常规内容外，还能根据主题句的用词、句式特点使我们明白文章的感情色彩和行文特点。

比如在《考试说明》中的样题中，funny一词就告诉我们：文章是幽默故事，全文感情色彩应该是轻松愉悦的，不宜写成一篇勇斗抢劫犯的好人好事型的文章。

（2）代词的重要提示作用

在给定两段的段首提示语中，都使用了一些名词和代词，注意这些词语上下的指代和呼应，对于文章上下的和谐一致非常重要。

第二段的首句提示语中直接要求用Arthur开头续写下文，这就严格限制了后面句子的内容应该以Arthur为主语进行写作。类似地，第一段的首句也是以Arthur为主语的，后面续写也应以Arthur为主语，使用代词he就能较好地连接上下文。

（3）使用连接词和多变句式

续写部分要求在给定的内容和词语中间进行写作，实际是限制了写作的内容，考生要想取得较好的分数，就必须注意句式和连接词的使用。如果平时善于积累句式，注重一句话的多种表达形式，在做读后续写题时就能游刃有余，左右逢源。

例如，在表达两件事几乎同时发生的意思时，就可以使用如下表达形式：

①否定副词连接句式：not...until/ hardly ...when/ scarcely ...when/ no sooner...than；

②名词短语：the moment/ the instant/ the minute；

③ 连接短语： shortly after/ soon after；

④ 连接词： on。

又例如，在表达“喜欢玩足球”这个意思的时候，可以使用如下不同的表达形式：

He is fond of playing football.

He is crazy about playing football.

He is mad about playing football.

He is keen on/about football.

He has a passion for football.

He has a great enthusiasm for playing football.

（二）概要写作

概要写作不同于读后续写，概要写作所给的材料是完整的文章，文体也不仅仅限制于记叙文，而可能会是记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文中的任意一种文体。概要写作重点在于考查考生的概括归纳能力和用最简洁文字表达的能力。简言之，概要写作本质上是对一篇给定文章进行结构性要点写作。所以，按照以下步骤进行写作就非常必要。

1. 通读全文，理清结构

概要写作的第一步就是通读全文，在把握文章主要意思的基础上，确定文章的主体结构。阅读文章时，注意寻找和归纳段落和文章的主题句。英语文章侧重于重要的事情放在最前面，所以，主题段和主题句往往出现在文章和段落的开头。例如：

Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this， human life on earth will not survive.

在这个段落里，第一句话开门见山，提出本段的主题句。对于本段大意的概要写作，我们只需要对这个主题句略加改动就可：Environmental problem is becoming increasingly serious nowadays.

主题句有时也会出现在段落的中间或者结尾部分，有时候还需要我们自己归纳总结。例如：

Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

在这个段落里，前面列举了无辜者和罪犯的相反表现，最后得出结论：以貌取人是愚蠢的。最后一句话是这个段落的主题句，我们进行概要写作的时候就可以归纳成：Judging by ones appearance usually leads to foolish conclusion。

通读《考试说明》中的概要写作样题，我们就会发现，文章的第一段就是文章的主题段，全文是总分的结构。其后三段的主题句大都出现在段落的开头。这篇文章的概要就可以大致归纳成：

Getting rid of dirt， in the opinion of most people， is a good thing. However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century， people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. Though the belief in the merit （好处） of dirt was long-lived， dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. （78 words）

2. 提炼要点，删繁就简

在归纳出文章主旨大意、整理出由主题句组成的概要结构后，我们还要对要点进一步进行提炼，一方面使要点更具有概况性，能够涵盖本段的全部内容；另一方面，概要写作不允许抄袭原文，有必要对原文的主题句进行转换。这就要求我们对找出的主题句再进行提炼，删除不必要的细节和冗词，换成最简洁的句式。例如：

（1）从句向非谓语的转化

The young man couldnt help crying when he heard the bad news.

转化成：Hearing the bad news， the young man couldnt help crying.

While you are crossing the street，you should be careful.

转化成：While crossing the street，you should be careful.

（2）使用省略句

He wanted to ride his new bicycle on the street very much but his mother didnt allow him to.

The man didnt say a word all day until spoken to.

（3） 使用并列或者比较结构

Tom can swim across the river without sweats， so can Jack.

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

综上所述，《考试说明》中的概要写作样题在归纳出主题结构后，我们可以对语言进一步进行提炼和浓缩：

People hold different attitudes towards dirt. In the past， people， especially in France， thought dirt was a means to block out disease. Later， dirt gradually was considered to be a cause of diseases and people began to hate dirt. Nowadays people come to realize that dirt may help to build up ones immune system. （55 words）

3. 转型换式，统一全文

在提炼了文章的主题句后，前面的概要写作就会形成一个主题句样式的篇章，但在词汇和语句上都还存在不和谐与不一致的地方。 这就要求我们还要进一步对概要进行从形式到内容的风格统一。在保持风格一致的基础上，添加连接词将上下文衔接起来，构成统一整体。

例如，对第二部分的概要写作进行语言和文字上的统一：

People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. For long in history， European people， especially French， believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However， after 18th century， People began to think that only by washing dirt off our body could we keep healthy.

But today， people once again realize that dirt may help strengthen our immune system. （59 words）

温馨提示： 读后续写和概要写作都是写作部分的新试题，以考查读后写作能力为主，在按照试题规律写完文章后，还要进行仔细检查，文字错误和卷面都能在很大程度上影响到试题得分。

四、新题心练

新题型，新规律，新思路，新办法。用心体会下列试题，仔细体会试题规律，相信该项试题会成为你成功道路上的一个得力助手！

（一）读后续写

阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。

When Luca first heard of the Island of Inventions， he was still very young. But its wonders sounded so incredible that they were forever burned in his memory. From that moment， he never stopped searching for clues which might lead him to the island. He read hundreds of adventure books， histories， volumes of physics and chemistry， even music. Yet no books can tell the exact position as well as the way to the Island of Inventions.

Over time， however， he pieced together his idea of what the Island of Inventions was like. It was a secret place， where all the great wise men of the world would meet to learn and invent together. Access to the island was totally restricted. To join， you had to have created some great invention for humanity. Only then could you receive the special invitation—which came with directions to the island in a letter—the dreamland of all the great inventors in this world， also the recognition of being an great inventor.

So Luca spent his youth studying and inventing. Every new idea he got， he made it into an invention， and if there were something he didnt understand， hed seek others to help him. Soon he met other young inventors and he told them about the Island of Inventions. They too dreamed of one day receiving an invitation letter. So they formed a group and gathered at Lucas house frequently to make inventions.

Year in and year out， they have made a lot of great inventions. Yet they havent received any invitation. Gradually the disappointment of not receiving their invitation made Luca and his friends work harder and co-operate more. They would meet in Lucas house， share their ideas and build new machines. Their inventions became known throughout the world， and improved the lives of millions.

But still， no invitation came.

They didnt lose heart. They continued learning and inventing every day， trying to come up with more and better ideas. Fresh young talent joined their group， as more inventors dreamed of getting to the island.

注意：

1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右；

2. 应使用5个以上短文中标有下画线的关键词语；

3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；

4. 续写完成后，请用下画线标出你所使用的关键词语。

Paragraph 1：

One day many years later， Luca， already very old， was speaking with a brilliant young man...

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Paragraph 2：

It was only then that Luca realized that his dream had become true in his very own house.

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（二）概要写作

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Many of us are used to hearing stories of people being pickpocketed in busy places. But most of us are aware of the dangers， so we are safe —at least， we think we are.

According to a BBC report， a growing number of thieves are trying to “hack （侵入） our minds weaknesses” to get their hands on our possessions.

“In fact， the key requirement for a successful pickpocket isnt having quick fingers，” said the report. By using psychology， some pickpockets are taking advantage of the loopholes （漏洞） in our brains.

Our lack of ability to multitask is one of the most important loopholes used by pickpockets， the report explains. While this can often be a good trait （特点）， allowing us to focus on the most important details in our surroundings， “a good trickster can use it against you， ” said neuroscientist Auzana Martinez-Conde.

“Its all about directing peoples attention toward something else，” said James Brown， who studies the tricks of pickpocketing. Confidence， the power of suggestion， and certain hand movements such as moving your hands in an arc （弧形） are all said to be things that fool us.

Groups of pickpockets use a common trick designed to create a scene and confuse victims.

The first gang member， a “blocker”， walks in front of the victim and suddenly bumps into them. A second member of the gang then bumps into both of them from behind and stages an argument with the “blocker”. In the confusion， both men steal what they can and pass it to a third thief who quickly runs off with the stolen goods.

But according to Brown， as long as we dont daydream in public， we shouldnt be worried.

“A street thief will avoid like the plague （瘟疫） people who are demonstrating （展现）a very open awareness of their environment，” he said.

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