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刑事物证的困境与出路

2016-06-27何永军

昆明理工大学学报·社科版 2016年3期

何永军

摘 要:刑事物证因为其稳定性、客观性和在现代司法中的重要作用被人誉为新的证据之王。但是,当下刑事物证的保管链条不健全、物证鉴定公信力不足、涉案财物出口不畅和物证替代品盛行等问题仍然困扰着中国的刑事司法,需要认真地加以研究和解决。为此,我们应当改革物证的保管体制,建立公检法一体的刑事诉讼涉案财物管理中心,健全和规范物证的保管链条,确保侦查机关内部的鉴定机构和人员的中立性,对物证进行及时的处理,规范物证替代品的使用,以充分发挥物证的作用,防止冤假错案的发生。

关键词:物证;刑事司法;保管链条;鉴定;证据

中图分类号:DF73 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1671-1254(2016)03-0031-08

Predicaments and Resolutions of Criminal Material Evidence

HE Yongjun

(Faculty of Law, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China)

Abstract: Due to its stability and objectivity as well as its important role in modern judicial, criminal material evidence is called “the new king” of evidence; however, the issues at present such as the imperfect chain of custody for criminal material evidence, insufficient credibility of material evidence identification, poor case-involved property outlet and prevalence of material evidence alternative, etc., are still haunting the Chinese criminal judicial, and needed to be carefully researched and solved. Therefore, we shall reform the custody system of material evidence and establish an integrated criminal proceedings-involved property management center of public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts, perfect and regulate the chain of custody of material evidence, guarantee the neutrality of the internal identification mechanism and personnel of the investigation organization, carry out immediate processing for material evidence and regulate the use of material evidence alternative, so as to give full display to material evidence to prevent the occurrence of miscarriages of justice.

Keywords:material evidence; criminal judicial; chain of custody; identification; evidence

一、问题的提出

物证是指通过外部特征、物质属性、所处位置及其状态等来证明案件事实的一切物品和痕迹。证据裁判是现代刑事司法的基本原则和要求。而在所有证据形式中,物证的客观性和稳定性较高,是最重要的证据形式之一,被誉为是现代证据之王。

(一)就普遍性而言,基本上任何案件都有物证

现实中可能有部分案件不存在书证、人证、视听资料和电子证据等证据形式,但很少有案件是没有物证的。因为任何犯罪行为总会有一个犯罪现场,总会或多或少地遗留下一些物品和痕迹,留下一些未曾被破坏的蛛丝马迹,可供我们去探寻,去发现犯罪人。

(二)发现物证常常是破案的关键

大多数案件可能没有证人,但一般都有物证,物证常常正是侦破案件的起点和突破口。……

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