庞春平

一、定语从句的概念和用法

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。

如：A plane is a machine that/which can fly. 飞机是一种会飞的机器。

The boy who/that broke the window is called Mike.打破窗户的那个男孩叫迈克。

The man （whom/who/that） I met in the street is my teacher.我在街上见到的那个人是我的老师。

I will never forget the day when （on which） I joined the League.我将永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。

This is the house where （in which） he lived ten years ago.这就是十年前他住过的房子。

I know the reason why （for which） she missed the train. 我知道她没赶上火车的原因。

上面六句中的machine，boy，man，day，house和reason是定语从句所修饰的词，叫作“先行词”。定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关系代词有that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等和关系副词where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当句子成分。为了更清楚地了解定语从句，现分别将关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中所起的作用列表如下：

近几年中考英语主要考查定语从句的引导词，尤其是关系代词所占的比重较大，主要以单项选择题的形式出现。下面举几个例子帮助同学们巩固一下定语从句先行词的用法。

例1：Its time to say goodbye to my school.Ill always remember the people____________have helped me.

A. who B. what C. which D. where

解析：先行词指人，做主语，选A。

例2：This is the novel____________is written by Guo Jingming.

A. who B. what C. that D. /

解析：先行词指物，做主语，选C。

例3：The shirt____________John bought me fits me very well.

A. which B. what C. as D. whose

解析：先行词指物，做宾语，可省略，选A。

例4：Thats the man____________house was destroyed in the storm.

A. that B. whose C. who D. which

解析：先行词指人，做定语，选B。

例5：Ten months has passed，but Chinese people still remember those exciting days____________they spent during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

A. that B. who C. when

解析：先行词指时间，做宾语，可省略，选A。

二、定语从句的主谓一致

关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，不能省略，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。注意当“one of +复数名词”位于关系代词前做先行词时，从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式。

例6：This is one of the books which____________written by Lu Xun.

A. am B. is C. was D. were

解析：该题的先行词为books，故答案应为D。本句的意思为“这是鲁迅所写的书中的一本”。但当one前有the （only），the （very）等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。

如：She is the only one of the girls who has learned French. 她是这些女孩中唯一一个学习法语的。

三、只能用that引导的情况

在下列情况下只能用that引导，不能用who或which引导：

1.当先行词是all，none，one，any，few，little，much，everything，nothing，anything等不定代词时

例7：Is there anything____________I can do for you？

A. what B. which C. that D. this

解析：句意为“有什么我可以为你做的吗？”故答案为C。

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时

例8：This is the first place____________we visited last year.

A. where B. that C. which D. what

解析：句意为“这就是去年我们首先参观的地方”。故答案为B。

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

例9：This is the best film____________Ive ever seen.

A. that B. which C. what D. it

解析：句意为“这是我看过的最好的一部电影”。故答案为A。

4. 当先行词被the very，the only，the last，any，every修饰时

例10：This is the very book____________I am looking for.

A. it B. which C. this D. that

解析：句意为“这正是我在寻找的那本书”。故答案为D。

5. 当先行词既指人又指物时

例11： They talked about things and persons____________they remembered at school.

A. who B. that C. whom D. which

解析：句意为“他们谈到他们记得的在学校时的人和事”。故答案为B。

6. 当先行词是疑问词who，what，which时

例12：Who is the man____________is working there？

A. that B. who C. whom D. which

解析：句意为“在那儿工作的人是谁？”故答案为A。

四、只能用which不能用that引导的情况

1. 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰某物或整个句子时

例13：He takes a walk every day，____________is good for his health.

A. when B. it C. which D. that

解析：句意为“他每天散步，这对他的健康有好处”。故答案为C。

2. 当先行词在从句中做介词的宾语且介词前置时

例14：The hotel at____________we stayed was very small.

A. where B. what C. that D. which

解析：句意为“我们住的旅店很小”。故答案为D。